Rivera’s Pan American Unity: Economic Themes from the North and South

Throughout the late 1920’s many American patrons of the arts had attempted to bring the famous Mexican muralist, Diego Rivera, to the United States for commissioned works. It wasn’t until September of 1930 that Rivera finally arrived in San Francisco to paint. His wife, the famous painter Frida Khalo, whom he had recently married, accompanied him. Fellow artist and instructor at the California Academy of Arts, Ralph Stackpole, had recommended to Timothy Pflueger that he use Rivera for a new project he was working on, the Pacific Stock Exchange. This turned out to be a fruitful relationship with the successful completion of Allegory of California, in the stock exchange building. Nearly 10 years later and his last appearance in the US, Pflueger asked Rivera to return to San Francisco to be part of Golden Gate International Exposition of 1939/40. The fruit of those laborers is his Pan American Unity, the themes of which will be explored in further detail here. Timothy Pflueger commissioned the painting, Pan American Unity. It was a replacement for an art exhibit of European masters on loan for 1939. Pflueger was a well-known architect in San Francisco, having built the Medical Dental Skyscraper on Sutter and worked on the Pacific Stock Exchange building. Jeremy Long LALS – 14 Landau July 6, 2014 Rivera’s painting are often controversial and spark debate in all kinds of circles, whether it be for his political affiliations or the subject matter of the paintings themselves. In a way, Pan American Unity avoids some of this controversy with his themes of unification and harmony. One might think that the North and South, in this case the United States and Mexico, stand diametrically opposed to one another, but Rivera sought to unite them in common themes. He showed how the labors of the Mexican farmers and ingenious people were not that dis-similar from the backbreaking work of the Detroit autoworkers. Most, if not all, scenes depicted show Mexicans and Americans side by side through their struggles for freedom. The theme of economic differences between the North and South are evident in the many portrayals of the Mexican people, who are most often seen in traditional dress of centuries past. On the other hand, the American people are shown as a fully modern people with technology and ingenuity. The two ideas aren’t completely contradictory and Rivera seems to imply that you cannot have one without the other. The technology of the present is only informed by the progress of the ast and the same will be true of our future. Both America and Mexico have much to learn from and share with the other and only in this way can we truly achieve a greatness beyond the accomplishments of today. In another section of the mural, Stalin and Hitler are reviled for their crimes, creeping like a noxious gas over the painting stand in opposition to the Founding Fathers of the United States; a very interesting view point from an avowed socialist and often communist leader of Mexico. Somewhat of a local celebrity at the time, a City College of San Francisco diver appears twice in the painting, springing from the center of the painting and arching over the figures below as fountain of hope and prosperity. Even his patron, Pflueger, makes an appearance in the painting, being shown with blueprints directing the construction of his now famous office building. While Pflueger died before he could find a permanent place for Rivera’s great and last work in San Francisco, his son, whom assumed the duties of design for the City College of San Francisco and the changes necessary to allow for the display of Rivera’s work. Diego Rivera’s Pan American Unity, strove to strike a balance between the natural forces of this world and the human desires of good and evil. He accomplished this by including elements of the North’s technological dominance, the South’s agricultural heritage, the evils of Nazism and Stalinism, and the eloquence and beauty of nature and the Bay Area, which all combine to strengthen the economic message of the painting’s central them of unity.

Media and Society in Relation to Newspapers as a Form of News Media

STUDENT I. D: 383155 NAME: EFETURI EMAKPORE MODULE: MEDIA AND SOCIETY TOPIC: MEDIA AND SOCIETY WITH RELATION TO NEWSPAPERS AS A FORM OF NEWS MEDIA DATE: 10 DECEMBER 2009 INTRODUCTION In this research paper, I am going to talk broadly on my understanding, after doing all research, of media and its effect in the society with relation to newspapers as an important and integral form of news media in the society. I will give a brief but concise introduction of newspapers in general. I will talk about the importance of newspapers to the society and how over the years, it has enforced itself on the society and how it has achieved that. I will see whether theories such as the ‘Hypodermic Needle Model’ and ‘Public Sphere’ theories can be applied when focusing on newspapers. In addition, I will talk about Bignell, J (1997) and his views on ‘Media Semiotics’ concerning newspapers. In addition, to conclude this research paper, I will give a detailed explanation on what I believe should be the role of newspapers as a form of news media to the society. Whether they have achieved all that society expects from them, or, they are yet to attain that maximum point of satisfaction from the society. Lastly, I will talk about the depth in which newspapers are actually influencing the society and how they can help in changing the views of the masses thereby helping to shape up the society to becoming a more positive one. INTRODUCTION TO NEWSPAPERS A newspaper, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is said to be a ‘’printed publication, now usually issued daily or weekly, consisting of folded unstapled sheets and containing news, frequently with the addition of advertisements, photographs, articles, and correspondence; the organization or office issuing such a publication. ’ A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers, including editorial opinions, criticism, persuasion and op-eds; obituaries; entertainment features such as crosswords, Sudoku and horoscopes; weather news and forecasts; advice, gossip, food and other columns; critical reviews of movies, plays and restaurants; classified ads; display ads, editorial cartoons and comic strips. Newspapers are very essential to the society, over the past centuries; have been relayed to the society in different ways, and have been evolving ever since. In the beginning, the first newspapers were more like government announcement bulletins and authorised by Julius Caesar. This means they were probably fully controlled by the government. This was in Ancient Rome and were called ‘’_Acta Diuma’’, they were carved in metal or stone and posted in public areas. Moveable type newspapers came during the modern era, at the beginning of the 17th century. However, the first officially recognised newspaper is that of Lohan Carolus’ ‘’Relation aller Furnemmen und gedenckwurdigen Historien__’’_, published in 1605 in Strasbourg. By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper type publications and the contents were vastly shaped by different views such as regional and cultural preferences. In addition, advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution, enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated means of communication. For example, in 1814, ‘The Times’ (London) acquired a printing press capable of making a thousand impressions per minute. In newspaper production, there are different categories of newspaper printed and published for reading. We have daily newspapers, which are issued every day sometimes with the exceptions of Sundays and national holidays. There are weekly newspapers and these tend to be smaller than daily papers and in some cases, there are some papers published twice or three times a week. Then we have national newspapers, which circulate nationwide. There is also a group of newspapers, which can be categorised as international newspapers. Some, such as The International Herald Tribune, have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers or â€Å"international editions† of national-scale or large metropolitan newspapers. Often these international editions are scaled down to remove articles that might not interest the wider range of readers. Lastly, with the introduction of the Internet, Web-based â€Å"newspapers† have started to be produced as online-only publications. Virtually all printed newspapers have online editions, which depending on the country may be regulated by journalism organizations such as the Press Complaints Commission in the UK. THEORIES INVOLVED IN NEWSPAPERS AS A FORM OF NEWS MEDIA THE HYPODERMIC NEEDLE MODEL This theory, also known as the hypodermic-syringe model, is a model of communication also usually referred to as the ‘’magic bullet’’ perspective or the ‘’transmission-belt’’ model. The essence of this model hols the fact that an intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver. However, this model is rooted in the 1930’s ‘_Behaviourism’_ created by the Frankfurt School in German and is now considered by many to be obsolete. The Hypodermic Needle theory implied that mass media had a direct, immediate, and powerful effect on their audiences. The mass media in the 1940s and 1950s were perceived as a powerful influence on behaviour change. Several factors contributed to this â€Å"strong effects† theory of communication, including: the fast rise and popularization of radio and television, the emergence of the persuasion industries, such as advertising and propaganda, the Payne Fund studies of the 1930s, which focused on the impact of motion pictures on children, and Hitler's monopolization of the mass media during WWII to unify the German public behind the Nazi party. This view of propaganda took root after World War I and was championed by theorists such as Harold Lasswell in his pioneering work Propaganda Technique in the World War (1927). He argued that the people had been duped and degraded by propaganda during the war. Lasswell based his work on a stimulus-response model rooted in learning theory. Focusing on mass effects, this approach viewed human responses to the media as uniform and immediate. E. D. Martin expressed this approach thus: â€Å"Propaganda offers ready-made opinions for the unthinking herd† (cited in Choukas, 1965, p. 5). The â€Å"Magic Bullet† or â€Å"Hypodermic Needle Theory† of direct influence effects was not as widely accepted by scholars as many books on mass communication indicate. The magic bullet theory was not based on empirical findings from research but rather on assumptions of the time about human nature. People were assumed to be â€Å"uniformly controlled by their biologically based â₠¬Ëœinstincts' and that they react more or less uniformly to whatever ‘stimuli' came along† (Lowery & DefFleur, 1995, p. 00). The phrasing â€Å"hypodermic needle† is meant to give a mental image of the direct, strategic, and planned infusion of a message into an individual. However, as research methodology became more highly developed, it became apparent that the media had selective influences on people. The most famous incident often cited as an example for the hypodermic needle model was the 1938 broadcast of The War of the Worlds and the subsequent reaction of widespread panic among its American mass audience. However, this incident actually sparked the research movement, led by Paul Lazarsfeld and Herta Herzog, which would disprove the magic bullet or hypodermic needle theory, as Hadley Cantril managed to show that reactions to the broadcast were, in fact, diverse, and were largely determined by situational and attitudinal attributes of the listeners. PUBLIC SPHERE THEORY The notion of the ‘public sphere' evolved during the Renaissance in Western Europe and the United States. This was brought on partially by merchants' need for accurate information about distant markets as well as by the growth of democracy and individual liberty and popular sovereignty. The public sphere was a place between private individuals and government authorities in which people could meet and have rational-critical debates about public matters. Discussions served as a counterweight to political authority and happened physically in face-to-face meetings in coffee houses and cafes and public squares as well as in the media in letters, books, drama, and art. Habermas saw a vibrant public sphere as a positive force keeping authorities within bounds lest their rulings be ridiculed. In Habermasian theory, the bourgeois public sphere was preceded by a literary public sphere whose favoured genres revealed the interiority of the self and emphasized an audience-oriented subjectivity. Today, in contrast, there is scant public debate, few public forums, and political discussion has degenerated from a fact-based rational-critical examination of public matters into a consumer commodity. There is the illusion of a public sphere, according to Habermas. Citizens have become consumers, investors, workers. Real news (information that helps free people stay free) is being elbowed out by advice, soft porn, catchy garbage, celebrity antics, and has become infotainment, that is, a commodity competing in a mass entertainment market. It matters less whether news is right or wrong, and matters more whether it is gripping. Habermas' sociological and philosophical work tries to explain how this transformation happened by examining a wide range of disciplines, including political theory, cultural criticism, ethics, gender studies, philosophy, sociology, istory, and media studies. The basic belief in public sphere theory is that political action is steered by the public sphere, and that the only legitimate governments are those that listen to the public sphere. Democratic governance rests on the capacity of and opportunity for citizens to engage in enlightened debate. Much of the debate over the public sphere involves what is the basic theoretic al structure of the public sphere, how information is deliberated in the public sphere, and what influence the public sphere has over society. ANALYSIS OF THE HYPODERMIC NEEDLE MODEL AND PUBLIC SPHERE THEORIES IN RELATION TO NEWSPAPERS Firstly, I would like to speak about the ‘Hypodermic Needle Model’’ before I go on to talk about the ‘Public Sphere’ theory. This theory can be linked with newspapers in concerning how it focuses on how news media influences the public in certain ways or directions and how it also has a direct, immediate, and powerful effect on the society. From what I have researched on the theory, it is clear to me that in earlier years, (the 1940’s to the 1950’s), newspapers were a huge influence on the society. This is emphasised in many different ways, which have been cited above. What was printed by newspapers in those times, whether positive or negative, was greatly accepted by the society. In fact, some theorists even claimed that people were being duped by the information being given in newspapers. Nowadays however, the society’s (though not everyone) views on information in newspapers are not wholly believed and in recent times, people have begun to question whether all written in the papers is a concentrated or a diluted version of the truth. Newspapers now have selective influences on people in the society as individuals have developed minds of their own especially since nowadays, newspapers are not so much controlled by the government as they used to be and some independent newspapers give their own opinions of certain events while others are still a little vague about passing judgment on same events. Now, I will move on to the public sphere theory. This theory can also be directly applied to newspapers. From my research, I have been able to see that once again, public sphere was taken more seriously in past decades than it is nowadays. In those periods, the public sphere was seen as an integral part of news media and controlled the excesses of the government as a good government was seen to be one that paid attention to what the public sphere had to contribute to society. Then, the public sphere had a great influence on the society. Articles were printed regularly in newspapers concerning public matters and were written with a rational and critical fashion. Nowadays however, the society has lost touch with what the public sphere was truly about and now give in to whatever ‘latest rumour’ is given out to them. The public sphere has been disregarded and has become a sort of illusion. (Habermas). There are hardly any honest public debates now, public forums have declined over the years, and sadly, political discussions have degenerated from a fact-based rational-critical examination of public matters into a consumer commodity. Now newspapers are competing against each other and now print only what they believe will sell and increase their customer range, rather than the important and crucial things that are going on in the society. THE SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF NEWSPAPERS In his book, ‘’_ Media Semiotics: An Introduction’,’_ Bignell (1997), discusses the ways in which semiotic analysis approaches newspaper as a medium. He considered the linguistic signs used in newspapers, the ionic and other visual signs in newspapers, and the relationship between linguistic signs and visual signs in newspapers. The medium of the newspaper is particularly interesting as signifiers are presented simultaneously thus offering a concrete display of signs which the reader can consume at his/her own pace and can also be re-read, as opposed to television or radio news which can only be watched or listened to at particular. A newspaper is not something that is just filled with facts, but it portrays news as representations produced in language and other signs like photographs. ‘’A semiotic analysis will therefore include discussions of the connotations of linguistic and visual signs used in news stories. ’ Bignell (1997:79) The process of selection is central to the production of all newspapers. This involves selecting events which are considered to be worthy of being printed as news, and excluding news which is considered to be irrelevant, insignificant or unworthy of news coverage. Thus news is a social construct dependent on what is deemed important by those who work in the â €˜news industry_’_ based on certain codes of behaviour, which have been learned by news workers in order to do their job. The codes of behaviour undoubtedly depend on the particular newspaper for which they are working. The reader comes to the newspaper with a set of codes with which to decode the text, and these codes may differ from individual to individual. This leads to the point that the text is open to a variety of interpretations depending on the ideological standpoint of the reader, and whether the reader is familiar with the newspaper and the codes which it employs to communicate the ‘news_’_ which it has selected. Connotations of the linguistic and visual signs that are presented by newspapers are central to the meaning of the news item to the reader. The connotations of the news item are perceived within a coded framework and there are recognisable codes within different newspapers. It is clear that different newspapers use particular narrative codes when representing the same item of news. The headlines are linguistic syntagms, which aim to attract the attention of the reader to the topic of the news story, and the linguistic signs that are employed in the headline suggest to the reader the appropriate codes that are needed to understand or decode the news item. It is clear that the newspapers use different linguistic codes as a means of representing the news item. For example, and in further discussion and differentiation, we are going to be focusing on three major newspapers in the UK- ‘_The Times’, ‘The Telegraph,’ _and ‘The Sun’. ‘_The Times__’_ and ‘_The Telegraph__’ are similar in their use of language. However, both differ dramatically with ‘The Sun__’_. It is clear that The Sun uses orally based vocabulary, and dramatic and sensational language. Another drastic difference between the newspapers representations of news items are the typographic devices used to break up the text. Again, ‘_The Sun__’_ differs dramatically to ‘_The Telegraph__’_ and ‘_The Times__’_ using bold text to start the article, serving to extend the role of the headline in attracting the attention of the reader to the topic of the news story. The use of bold and one word sub-headings which are employed throughout the text serve to direct the reader in making meaning of the text and make blatantly obvious the points which the newspaper deem to be of particular significance to the understanding of the news item. _The Telegraph__’_ and ‘_The Time’s_ do not employ the same typographic codes as ‘_The Sun__’_, apart from bold type which is used for the headline, and the bold type used to name the journalist/s of the article. The narrative of the news story uses the same type and size of font throughout the item. Arguably, this connotes authority and formality to the reader, which is also demonstrated by the fairly long se ntences, the correct spellings, and the lack of colloquial language that is used in ‘_The Sun__’_. This perhaps implies that the ‘quality_’_ press such as ‘_The Times__’ and ‘The Telegraph__’_ provide better news than tabloids such as ‘_The Sun__’_. However, this kind of value judgement is inappropriate as both types of newspaper are constructions of the news with the ‘quality’ newspapers aiming to connote authority and formality and the ‘popular_’_ tabloids aiming to connote an attitude of ‘telling it how it is. _’_ Thus, both types of representation of the news items present mythic meanings. Linguistic and typographic codes are not the only codes employed in newspapers. Graphic codes must also be considered. The photographs used in the newspapers have also undergone a process of selection. One image will be chosen over another as it connotes a message that the selectors of the photograph want to communicate. Barthes (cited in Bignell, 1977:98) suggests that the newspaper photograph is ‘an object that has been worked on, chosen, composed, constructed, treated according to professional, aesthetic or ideological norms which are so many factors of connotation. ’_ The ‘treatment_’_ of photographs, which is referred to by Barthes can be seen in the different newspapers that I have chosen. Interestingly, each version of the news item has used the same photographs, but treated them differently according to the required connotation. Again, The Times and The Telegraph use similar codes and The Sun employs a drastically different strategy despite using the same original photographs. The most drastic difference is that The Sun presents the photographs in colour, connoting realism and the dangerousness of the offender. This is also connoted by the size of the photographs, with the graphic representation dominating a large proportion of the overall available space on the page, which is another drastic difference between The Sun's representation of the news item and the other two newspapers. Despite these major differences, it is significant that the newspapers have all used the same photographs, and it is interesting to look at why these particular photographs might have been chosen. Paradigmatically, photographs involve connotations, and thus the significance of the particular photographs, which have been chosen, can be seen more clearly when considering what other paradigmatic connotations might have appeared in their place. As Bignell (1997:99) suggests, the caption underneath the picture enables the reader to ‘load down the image with particular cultural meanings and the photograph functions as the proof that the text's message is true. _’_ The pictures are also shown in different contexts in the three newspapers with ‘_The Sun__’ using a different strategy to ‘The Telegraph__’_ and ‘_The Times__’_. _The Telegraph__’_ and ‘_The Times__’_ use similar sized pictures of the individuals involved. In ‘_The Sun__',_ the size of the photographs of the individuals differs considerably. This discussion of several newspapers' representations of the same news item show how semiotic analysis ca n determine the meanings of such news items, as a result of the linguistic and visual signs used within the texts. However, semiotic analysis cannot determine how an individual reader might interpret the representations of the news items in a real social context. Semiotic analysis does offer an insight into the factors at work in the production of a news item and distinguishes the various codes, which are employed by different types of newspaper when representing a particular news item. CONCLUSION To conclude this essay, from all that I have researched, I now know that newspapers have indeed come a long way I am going to give my opinion of what I believe should be the role of newspapers as an integral form of news media to the society. Newspapers are expected to keep the people informed about the political activities of their government. They should give in detail, the statements of speeches made by the rulers at public meetings or on the radio or television. They should also report the activities of political parties and leaders. Standard newspapers should be able to criticize the policies and statements of the government or of the political parties in a fair and just method. Newspapers should also describe the economic policies of the government. For example, they should describe its import and export policies, its plans for future economic development, and the prices of different things fixed by it, and so on. In addition, newspapers should always report in detail, the economic policies of the government in the fields of agriculture, industry, and commerce, should be more detailed about matters concerning the problems of labors, farmers and other working people, and suggested their solutions. Newspapers should give a true and correct picture of society. They should describe the activities of the people in different fields like education business industry, law, medicine, science, and so on and also tell us about the activities of students and teachers, businessmen, industrialists, lawyers, doctors, scientists and all categories of working people. They should convey information regarding the different crimes taking place every day. Newspapers ought to tell about the political, economic, and social changes in different countries and give descriptions of changes in government and revolutions in different parts of the world. Lastly, they should give descriptions of changes taking place in other societies in education, science, and medicine industry agriculture and defence preparation. These are a few suggestions I believe that are suitable ideas and courses that newspapers should begin to focus on instead of the media frenzy seeking status they seem to be attaining nowadays. I do not believe that newspapers have reached the point of maximum satisfaction in the views of the society. Centuries ago, it was understandable that newspaper agencies could only print certain facts as some of them or most of them were government owned and operated. However, with freedom of journalism, one would expect that they would become more transparent in the way they convey out news to the society. However, news relaying has been turned into infotainment. It matters less whether news is right or wrong, and matters more whether it is gripping and this is not the ways newspapers should be going nowadays. Newspapers are probably the main source of handy information that provides up-to-date information on a daily basis that everyone can afford to buy. It gives the sophisticated approach towards life in social, political, economical and entertainment framework. Provide knowledgeable information available to all ages and societal status. Newspapers influence the society greatly because it is not necessary that everyone have TV, or internet resources, radio, as these are the technological resources, but everyone gets to read the newspaper every now and then. Newspapers are the global need of every culture, and should therefore promote freedom of journalism to project the truth in the society. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bignell, J (1997). Media Semiotics: An Introduction. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 79-98. Carlos Hurworth. (2009). How the News Media Controls Society. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1534166-how-the-news-media-controls-society. Last accessed 13 Dec 2009. Farlex. (2006). Role of News Media.

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Management of Discretionary Costs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Management of Discretionary Costs - Essay Example If one is starting with MRP f the product, care should be taken that prices do not include sales tax, and are typically net f distribution expenses. In case f an FMCG product (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) unit realization f the company, which will appear as gross sales will be typically 65% f MRP price which the consumer pays. Many a times, companies give their volume figures under generic product category name. The volume figures include products f different sizes, types and prices. The analyst has to take care f expected changes in product mix while forecasting. Keep a broad picture f the competitive scenario and its impact on pricing. Also, understand key drivers f pricing, like for petrochemicals, India is a price taker, so global price trends have a bigger influence in determining Indian price trends. Material Costs Estimate material costs, which in most cases is the most significant cost item. Key variables - Raw material prices - Production efficiency, conversion norms and yield improvement have a significant bearing on cost estimation. The analyst has to understand the basic manufacturing process and get a fix on input output norms. Labour Costs For estimating labour costs, one can start with previous year's labour cost and adjust it for the following factors. Key variables - Additions/ adjustments for additional capacity/ new plant, - Reduction for retrenchment/ sale f a unit etc, - Salary increases on settlements with union etc. Many companies plan for settlement hikes and make provisions even if negotiations are delayed, - Bonus, profit linked incentives, - Salary increases. Fuel and power cost... Financial challenges faced by Kramer and Associates, and especially by the director of this investment consulting company deal with attempting to manage clients’ portfolios to suit each and everyone’s future financial needs. In summary, the simulation involves three clients with different risk profiles. Adrian O’Donnell has a high-risk growth profile, and wants to see returns as quick as one and a half to two years time. Tonya Davidson has a conservative-risk growth profile, and wants to see a steady growth of her investment over the span of 10 years. John Barrett has a moderate-risk growth profile, and wants to see steady returns over a period of five to six years. The challenge arises on how to allocate their investment funds to meet their desired risk and returns level. With treasury bills, the returns are almost exactly what was promised initially, therefore making them an almost risk-free investment. The returns on T-bills are on average about five percent. Stocks on the other hand, have returns of average 10 percent per year. In this case, companies may eventually experience bankruptcy, which means a depletion of one’s stocks in that company, or that company may experience enormous growth, meaning that the investor will experience enormous returns. Therefore, the simulation challenges the consultant to find the right mix of investment options to satisfy the goals of each client.

Violence against Women and Girls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Violence against Women and Girls - Essay Example Although some international and regional instruments of law have put in place the necessary measures for the states to use in order to cub, eradicate and even punish violence against young girls and women by demanding that the states ought to take the necessary measures to combat the violence, there has however continued prevalence of these vice. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) indicates that the vice has grown to a global pandemic of alarming proportions which is yet to be addressed with all the appropriate political commitment as well as resources. According to UNIFEM (2010), approximately six out of every ten women in post conflict countries have experienced sexual or physical violence in their lifetime. A study by World Health Organization related to some twenty four thousand women in some ten countries indicates that prevalence of physical and sexual violence by a woman's partner ranged from 15 % in most urban areas of developed countries to a range of 30 - 60 % in most rural areas of post conflict states (UNIFEM, 2010). In most of these states, the violence against young girls and women have had some far reaching aftermath including so much harm to the families and communities affected. It has become a major source of disability or even death for girls and women of 16 up to 44 years of age. A World Bank investigation into some selected risk factors facing women and girls at the indicated age group showed that rape and domestic violence have emerged as more dangerous to the affected ladies than war, malaria, motor vehicle accidents and cancer. There has also been a close association between these kind of violence and HIV and AIFDS with a survey showing that there are some 1,366 women from South African region who have been beaten by the life partners and were more likely to be infected with HIV more than those who were not. Gender-related violence violates human rights as well as hampering of human productivity, reduction of human capital and undermining of economic growth to the affected lives. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report in 2003 indicated that the intimate partner violence costs in the USA alone have been found to exceed US$ 5.8 billion a year with US $ 4.1 billion being budgeted for direct medical as well as services related to health care (UNIFEM, 2010). Young girls at the tender age have unfortunately happened to be majority victims of sexual assault. Other group that has become subject to unwarranted sexual coercion is women who are in position of abject dependence on male power. Rape cases have also been high in post-conflict countries. This has been very much documented in the last few years in countries affected by civil conflicts. Rape in such cases has been employed systematically as a torture instrument or even domination of ethnic groups (Gender Equality, 2009). Although there has been indication of growth of the vice, some efforts by the post conflict nations in addressing the vice need to be put in place in preventing this situation. Some 89 post conflict countries in 2006 have installed some legislation measures targeting prevention of the domestic violence and plans of action. In most of these states, marital rape has become prosecutable

The study of organizational behavior Essay Example for Free

The study of organizational behavior Essay The study of organizational behavior is concerned with: A) psychosocial, interpersonal, and organizational structure B) interpersonal, group dynamics in organizations, and work design C) psychosocial, interpersonal, and work design D) psychosocial, interpersonal, and group dynamics in organizations Points Earned: Correct Answer(s): D 2. The beliefs and assumptions about people, work, and the organization best reflects the: A) social surface B) formal organization C) informal organization D) overt part of an organization Points Earned: Correct Answer(s): C 3. The task of an organization is reflected in its: A) mission, purpose or goal B) human resources C) input materials D) structure Points Earned: 1. 0/1. 0 Correct Answer(s): A 4. The science of human behavior and individual differences is: A) psychology B) sociology C) engineering D) anthropology 5. EXTRA CREDIT: What was your preferred learning style as indicated by the VARK Questionnaire? Also list one way you want to take in intormation according to your style. For the extra point you had to name your VARK learning style AND one way to take in information (according to VARK) Points Earned: 0. /0. 0 6. The internal or external perspectives offer: A) conflicting explanations for human behavior B) complementary explanations for human behavior C) alternative explanations for human behavior D) similar explanations for human behavior 7. The specific setting within which organizational behavior is enacted would be called the: A) external environment B) situation C) organizational context D) group Points Earned: 0. 0/1. 0 8. Culture and the study of learned behavior comprise the domain of: A) management B) psychology C) sociology 9 . All of the following are internal behavioral processes except: A) Judging B) perceiving C) leading D) cognition The four main driving forces creating and shaping changes at work include: A) globalization, demography, diversity, ethics B) globalization, technology, diversity, employee attitudes C) globalization, diversity, ethics, and technology D) globalization, technology, religiosity, ethics 11. The description of an organization as clockworks, in which human behavior is logical and rational, would come from which level within the organization? A) organizational level B) internal level C) group or department level D) individual level The work of Hofstede is important because his studies revealed that more differences n work-related attitudes can be explained by: A) culture B) age C) gender D) profession The major difference between prejudice and discrimination is: A) prejudice refers to behavior and discrimination refers to an attitude B) discrimination has been shown to have more of an impact on productivity than prejudice C) prejudice has been shown to have more of an impact on productivity than discrimination D) prejudice refers to an attitude and discrimination refers to behavior Points Earned: 0. 0/1. According to your text, African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans are likely to be at disadvantage within organizations because: A) available Jobs in the tuture will require less skill than in the past B) they are under-represented in declining occupations C) the proportion of African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans who are qualified for higher level Jobs are often higher than the proportion of qualified whites and Asian- Americans D) they tend to live in a small number of large cities that are facing severe economic difficulties Points Earned: 0. 0/1. 0 Globalization implies all of the following except: A) a borderless world B) competition between workers from other countries C) an organizations nationality is held strongly in consciousness D) the world is free from national boundaries Which of the following was NOT recommended as a technique for increasing the sensitivity of differences between people from various cultures? A) describing one anothers culture B) cultural sensitivity training C) cross-cultural task forces or teams D) role analysis technique (RAT) Which statement best captures the spirit of managing diversity? A) It is a painful examination of hidden assumptions that employees hold. B) It is assimilating women and minorities into a dominant male culture. C) It is complying with affirmative action. D) It is being a good corporate citizen. Which of the following statements/statistics about women in the workforce is incorrect? A) There has been little increase in the number of women CEOs.

A Semiotic Analysis of a Newspaper Story Essay Example for Free

A Semiotic Analysis of a Newspaper Story Essay A logical place to start may be to ask ‘what is news?’ Professor Jonathan Bignell suggests that ‘news is not just facts, but representations produced in language and other signs like photographs.’ The newspaper is just one medium of news communication; other media include television, radio, magazines, and the Internet. We will concentrate on a particular news item as covered in three different British daily newspapers, namely The Sun, The Telegraph, and The Times. The story which is being covered is that of the death of a female police officer who was stabbed by a man whilst she was on duty. The medium of the newspaper is particularly interesting as signifiers are presented simultaneously thus offering a concrete display of signs which the reader can consume at their own pace and can also be re-read, as opposed to television or radio news which can only be watched or listened to at particular times. The process of selection is central to the production of all newspapers. This involves selecting events which are considered to be worthy of being printed as news, and excluding news which is considered to be irrelevant, insignificant or unworthy of news coverage. Thus news is a social construct dependent on what is deemed to be important by those who work in the ‘news industry’ based on certain codes of behaviour which have been learned by news workers in order to do their job. The codes of behaviour which have been learnt by news workers undoubtedly depend on the particular newspaper for which they are working. It could be suggested that in British society most adults would be aware of the conventions of different newspapers. We will attempt to examine the types of sign systems within which a particular news story is encoded in a selection of newspapers, and how these different sign systems may affect meaning. It is clear when looking at The Sun, The Telegraph, and The Times articles, which were all published on Saturday, April 18th, 1998 that each newspaper attaches significance to different news items. This is made clear by looking at the front pages of each newspaper, with The Suns main front page story concentrating on the relationship of Patsy Kensit and Liam Gallagher, compared to The Telegraphs main story which concentrates on a ‘shake-up’ of scientific committees that advise government ministers on food safety; and The Times main front page story which covers the story of the new National Lottery Big Ticket show which is facing the BBC ‘axe’. Although we will not be concentrating on the comparison of the front pages of the newspapers in this term paper, these examples demonstrate how drastically the different newspapers differ in what constitutes front-page news. The examples also demonstrate the interpretation of newspaper conventions, as we analyse the stories which are considered to be the intended main news of the front-page. As can be seen with the front page of The Sun the main story is clear as it dominates most of the available space on the front-page. However, with the other newspapers the distinction is not quite as clear. The main criteria when deciding on which was the main story of the front-pages of The Telegraph and The Times was the size of the typeface of the headline. This emphasises that the reader comes to the newspaper with a set of codes with which to decode the text, and these codes may differ from individual to individual. This leads to the point that the text is open to a variety of interpretations depending on the ideological standpoint of the reader, and whether the reader is familiar with the newspaper and the codes which. it employs to communicate the ‘news’ which it has selected. Connotations of the linguistic and visual signs which are presented by newspapers are central to the meaning of the news item to the reader. The connotations of the news item are perceived within a coded framework and there are recognisable codes within different newspapers. It is clear that different newspapers use particular narrative codes when representing the same item of news. This can be seen in the three headlines which refer to the particular news item which I have chosen to examine. The Sun headline states ‘SCANDAL OF PSYCHO FREED TO KILL HERO COP NINN, The Telegraph ‘WPc was knifed to death after removing armour’, and The Times ‘WPc paid with her life for dedication to duty.’ Each of these narrative codes used in the headlines instantly provide a framework on which to build the meaning of the news item. The headlines are linguistic syntagms which aim to attract the attention of the reader to the topic of the news story, and the linguistic signs which are employed in the headline suggest to the reader the appropriate codes which are needed to understand or decode the news item. It is clear that the newspapers use different linguistic codes as a means of representing the news item. The Times and The Telegraph are similar in their use of language. However, both differ dramatically with The Sun. It is clear that The Sun uses orally based vocabulary, and dramatic and sensational language. This can be seen in the first sentence of the news item, which reads ‘A. violent cop-hating nut killed brave WPC Nina Mackay after a catastrophic catalogue of blunders by Crown prosecutors and police allowed him to roam free.’ The article also employs alliteration for emphasis , as in ‘catastrophic catalogue’ and ‘scandal of psycho’. The linguistic codes of the news item certainly connote speech which in turn connotes familiarity, informality, and camaraderie. The article also implies familiarity with the victim (We Nina Mackay) who is referred to throughout as ‘Nina’ where as a distance is created between the reader and the offender who is referred to throughout by his surname, Elgizouli. This code of familiarity is significantly different to that which is employed by The Telegraph and The Times who refer to the victim either in her professional capacity (WPc Nina Mackay) or by her full name. However, it is perhaps significant that the offender is referred to by his surname in all of the different representations of the news items. This strategy of distancing the reader from the criminal is blatantly employed by all three of the newspapers, clearly suggesting that the preferred reading of the texts should involve no sympathy with the offender. Another drastic difference between the newspaper representations of the news item are the typographic devices used to break up the text. Again, The Sun differs dramatically to The Telegraph and The Times using bold text to start the article, serving to extend the role of the headline in attracting the attention of the reader to the topic of the news story. The use of bold and one word sub-headings which are employed throughout the text serve to direct the reader in making meaning of the text and make blatantly obvious the points which the newspaper deem to be of particular significance to the understanding of the news item. The Telegraph and The Times do not employ the same typographic codes as The Sun, apart from bold type which is used for the headline, and the bold type used to name the journalist/s of the article. The narrative of the news story uses the same type and size of font throughout the item. Arguably, this connotes authority and formality to the reader which is also demonstrated by the fairly long sentences, the correct spellings and the lack of colloquial language such as ‘cop’ which is used in The Sun. This perhaps implies that the ‘quality’ press such as The Times and The Telegraph provide better news than tabloids such as The Sun. However, this kind of value judgement is inappropriate as both types of newspaper are constructions of the news with the ‘quality’ newspapers aiming to connote authority and formality and the ‘popular’ tabloids aiming to connote an attitude of ‘telling it how it is.’ Thus both types of representation of the news items present mythic meanings. Linguistic and typographic codes are not the only codes employed in news discourse. Graphic codes must also be considered. The photographs used in the press have also undergone a process of selection. One image will be chosen over another as it connotes a message that the selectors of the photograph want to communicate. Barthes (cited in Bagnell, 1977:98) suggests that the newspaper photograph is ‘an object that has been worked on, chosen, composed, constructed, treated according to professional, aesthetic or ideological norms which are so many factors of connotation.’ The ‘treatment’ of photographs which is referred to by Barthes can be seen in the different newspapers which I have chosen. Interestingly, each version of the news item has used the same photographs, but treated them differently according to the required connotation. Each representation uses the same picture of the victim in her police uniform looking directly at the camera, and the same pictu re of the offender looking vacant and away from the camera. Again, The Times and The Telegraph use similar codes, and The Sun employs a drastically different strategy despite using the same original photographs. The most drastic difference is that The Sun presents the photographs in colour, connoting realism and the dangerousness of the offender. This is also connoted by the size of the photographs, with the graphic representation dominating a large proportion of the overall available space on the page, which is another drastic difference between The Suns representation of the news item and the other two newspapers. Despite these major differences it is significant that the newspapers have all used the same photographs, and it is interesting to look at why these particular photographs might have been chosen. Paradigmatically, photographs involve connotations, and thus the significance of the particular photographs which have been chosen can be seen more clearly when considering what other paradigmatic connotations might have appeared in their place. For example the connotations of the picture of the police officer would change considerably if she was not in uniform. Likewise, the connotations of the picture would change if the offender was looking directly at the camera and smiling, instead he is pictured looking away from the camera with a blank expression, connoting lack of emotion. The contrasted pairs which seem to be involved in the paradigms are innocence and guilt, justice and injustice. These contrasted pairs are made more clear by the way in which the meanings of the photographs are anchored in a small amount of text beneath the photographs. The Times offers its own contrasted pair in the text beneath the pictures, namely ‘killer’ and ‘killed’. As Bignell (1997:99) suggests, the caption underneath the picture enables the reader to ‘load down the image with particular cultural meanings and the photograph functions as the proof that the texts message is true.’ The pictures are also shown in different contexts in the three newspapers with The Sun using a different strategy to The Telegraph and The Times. The Telegraph and The Times use similar sized pictures of the individuals involved. In The Sun the size of the photographs of the individuals differ considerably with the ‘killer’ being represented as significantly bigger than the ‘killed’. Also, the photograph of the police officer is presented in a photograph-like frame connoting sentimentality, and elevating her position in comparison to the ‘killer’. This emotionalism is carried over into the other picture which The Sun represents which shows the coffin of the police officer being carried by her colleagues. This is a cultural sign which most readers will be able to relate to, and connotes sympathy, tragedy and injustice. This discussion of several newspapers representations of the same news item show how semiotic analysis can determine the meanings of such news items, as a result of the linguistic and visual signs used within the texts. However, semiotic analysis cannot determine how an individual reader might interpret the representations of the news items in a real social context. Semiotic analysis does offer an insight into the factors at work in the production of a news item and distinguishes the various codes which are employed by different types of newspaper when representing a particular news item.

Are Muslim Communities Affected By Counter Terrorism Legislation Criminology Essay

Are Muslim Communities Affected By Counter Terrorism Legislation Criminology Essay This paper looks to critically evaluate whether Muslim communities have been affected by counter-terrorism legislation in the UK as part of a literature review in serving to prepare for a much larger piece of work. This work consists of considering whether these community members have been effectively radicalised leading to extremism either within the local community or in the UK at large. It is also necessary to evaluate the way in which views in this regard that have been put forward by academics have developed as a result of the laws that have been implemented to date in the UK. Muslim; Counter-Terrorism; Legislation Critically evaluate whether Muslin Communities have been affected by counter-terrorism legislation In seeking to critically evaluate whether Muslim communities have been affected by counter-terrorism legislation in the United Kingdom (UK), it is necessary for this literature review to consider whether these community members have been effectively radicalised leading to extremism either within the local community or in the society at large. Moreover, there is also a need to examine as to how security agencies approaches are implemented and applied and consider new methods that will serve to impact upon professional practice in relation to the legislation that has been enacted both in the UK and at the international level. In addition, it will also be recognised as to how this has led to claims from within Muslim communities that the tactics currently used by the police are heavy handed and, as a result, counter-productive. Finally, this literature review will conclude with a summary of the key points derived from this discussion in relation to as to whether and how Muslim communiti es have been affected by counter-terrorism legislation enacted both in the UK and internationally. With a view to assessing whether Muslim Communities have been affected by the introduction of counter-terrorism legislation, in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of 7/7 in the UK and 9/11 in the US New Terror discourse, the prevention of violent extremism has become one of the most significant issues for policy makers throughout the western world and, for the purposes of this discussion, the UK. In what is clearly a significantly heightened security context, Muslim communities have become an enhanced focal point for the UK with a multi-layered, multi-agency approach (Home Office, 2008). Currently there are at least 2 million Muslims resident in the UK making the Islamic faith the largest outside of Christians with almost half actually having been born in the UK (Bunglawala, Halstead, Malik Spalek, 2004), but the community is becoming more diverse with over 50 nationalities represented and 70 languages spoken (Khan, 2004). However, Muslim communities constitute some of the most deprived in the UK with almost a third of those able to work having no qualifications so that, as a result, many children experience high levels of risk associated with child poverty (Bunglawala, Halstead, Malik Spalek, 2004) because adults are three times more likely to be unemployed than Christians (Yunas Samad Sen, 2007). Nevertheless, such policy developments are illustrative of the apparent need to develop and support strategies based upon the maxim of counter-terrorism that communities defeat terrorism (Briggs, Fieschi Lownsbrough, 2006). But although counter-terrorism policies have been dominated by hard-sided strategies involving surveillance, the gathering of intelligence, the use of informants and the implementation of anti-terror laws under the Pursue strand of the governments CONTEST (and CONTEST Two) counter-terrorism strategy (Her Majestys Government, 2006), the ascendancy of a community centred notion of counter-terrorism has seen greater prominence given to an agenda based upon being able to Prevent terrorism (Home Office, 2008). In view of this shift towards interaction and engagement with citizens, policy makers within the UK government have placed the police and other enforcement authorities at the forefront of this work regarding the need to look to follow a strategy based on the nee d to Pursue terrorists along with the need to Prevent terrorism whereby the police are working with Muslim communities in order to help prevent violent extremism (Lowe Innes, 2008). The implementation of New Terror discourses in the UK are founded upon the recognition and construction of Muslim minorities as being comprised of communities at risk from violent extremism. In particular young Muslim men constitute a problem group and are recognised as being the predominant targets of anti-terrorist legislation and counter-terrorism surveillance policing in countries including the UK (Poynting Mason, 2006). With this in mind, the following issues were raised by participants in an effort to more effectively explain the negative impact of discourse and practice (a) Hard policing including increased stop and search, high profile raids, and the perception of an increase in aggressive attempts at recruiting informers to then lead to a greater sense of grievance amongst Muslims so they are perceived as suspect communities; (b) suspicion is detrimental to both an individual and their familys life since they may suffer job losses, family and community breakdowns, as well as mental health issues; (c) individuals have argue their experience of anti-terror laws has reduced their motivation to look to engage with state authorities with a view to improving relations; and (d) individuals feel pressurised to explain their Muslim identities in relation to the concept of Britishness (University of Birmingham/Arts Humanities Research Council, 2008). Under sections 62 and 63 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (along with section 17 of the Terrorism Act 2006) the UK appears to have asserted universal jurisdiction over a whole array of terrorist offences meaning anyone who commits any of these offences anywhere in the world so as to impact in some way upon the UK will fall within UK authorities jurisdiction (Sibbel, 2006-2007). In addition, under the Anti Terrorism, Crime Security Act 2001, a religiously aggravated element to crime has been introduced, which involves imposing higher penalties upon offenders who are motivated by religious hatred. On this basis, Islamophobia has become a significant issue for individuals and even whole communities living in the UK with instances including (a) being verbally and physically abused; (b) being threatened; (c) being physically assaulted; and (d) having homes or cars firebombed or attacked with acid. The problem is the reporting of actions that may be considered tantamount to Islamophobia is rare since it is considered the norm rather than the exception for both individuals and whole communities because they do not want to create a fuss around their experiences (University of Birmingham/Arts Humanities Research Council, 2008). A survey by several Muslim groups found that since 9/11, 80% of Muslim respondents reported being subjected to some form of Islamophobia, whilst 68% felt they had been perceived and treated differently and 32% reported being subjected to discrimination (Forum Against Islam phobia Racism, Al-Khoei Foundation the Muslim College, 2004). Some have also argued young Muslim men suffer disproportionately as the new folk devils of popular and media imagination (Alexander, 2000). More generally, however, it is also to be appreciated that a whole succession of opinion polls have shown many Muslims are uncomfortable with life in the UK (Pew Global Attitudes Project, 2006). In addition, there is an ongoing and concerted campaign against Islamism by a coalition of both left and right that have criticised the UK government for what they call a policy of appeasement. Martin Bright of the New Statesman claimed these organisations were engaged in a sophisticated strategy of implanting Islamist ideo logy among young Muslims in Western Europe (Bright, 2007). But, although the reality is that Islamism is not inherently violent, these nuances are rarely acknowledged and casual links are made between these groups and more specific concerns about violent extremism. Further concerns have then arisen from the fact there are some substantial concerns the definition of terrorism under the terms of the Terrorism Act 2000 (now Terrorism Act 2006) is too vague and excessively broad. The main reason for this is that the Terrorism Act 2000 served to criminalise not only those activities that are generally accepted to be terrorist in nature, but also lawful gatherings and demonstrations amongst other matters along with other forms of behaviour that, although unlawful, could not be considered terrorism (Submission to International Court of Justice Panel of Eminent Jurists on Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism Human Rights, 2006). Section 1(1) of the Act served to define terrorism as being based on the use or threat of action where (a) the action falls within subsection (2); (b) the use or threat is designed to influence the government, an international organisation or to intimidate the public; and (c) the use or threat is made to advancing a political, religi ous or ideological agenda. Under section 1(2) of the Terrorism Act 2000 it has then been recognised that action under this subsection involves (a) serious violence; (b) serious property damage; (c) the endangerment of anothers life; (d) creates a serious risk to the health or safety of the public; or (e) is designed seriously to interfere with or seriously disrupt an electronic system. The problem with the overly broad nature of the anti-terror laws put in place is they serve to trigger executive powers that are very restrictive regarding the recognition of both individuals and communities human rights under the European Convention on Human Rights 1950 (enacted domestically under the Human Rights Act 1998) often with reduced judicial oversight. Therefore, the use of such executive powers should be confined to those circumstances when such severe restrictions can truly be deemed necessary so there is a need for the laws to be narrowly drafted and proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued protecting national security rather than ostracising whole communities (Submission to International Court of Justice Panel of Eminent Jurists on Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism Human Rights, 2006). As has already been alluded to within the remit of international human rights law, any legal measures that serve to restrict the exercising of individual and community rights need to be both narrowly drafted and proportionate to what is being pursued. With this in mind, the United Nations Human Rights Committee now regularly criticises the remit of individual States efforts in this regard in view of the the broad scope of their anti-terror laws particularly those that have been enhanced since 2001 (Submission to International Court of Justice Panel of Eminent Jurists on Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism Human Rights, 2006). By way of illustration, in 2005 the United Nations Human Rights Committee criticised what was understood by terrorism under Canadian law that includes very similar elements to the UK definition under section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 for being unnecessarily broad. As a result, the United Nations Human Rights Committee recommended The State party should adopt a more precise definition of terrorist offences, so as to ensure that individuals will not be targeted on political, religious or ideological grounds, in connection with measures of prevention, investigation and detention (Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee Canada, 2005, at paragraph 12). In addition, the United Nations Human Rights Committee has also made some significant similar criticisms of what is understood by the concept of terrorism under Norwegian (Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee Norway, 2006, at paragraph 9), Icelandic (Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee Iceland, 2005, at paragraph 10), and Bahraini law (Conclusions recommendations of the Committee against Torture Bahrain, 2005, at paragraph 6(i)) amongst others so there is clearly a need for a more precise definition in the UK to avoid similar problems. To conclude, it is clear that there has been a significant impact upon Muslim communities as a result of the implementation of counter-terrorism legislation in the UK. Such a view is largely founded upon the way in which Muslims are perceived within our society leading to instances of Islamophobia so that suspicion falls on a broad range of groups and individuals whose behaviour may on the surface appear dangerous or subversive. Clearly, there can be little doubt that it is incumbent upon government policy makers to look to act to maintain national security and prevent instances of terrorism. However, there is also a significant need to prevent the alienation of the Muslim community so that it is clearly important to engage in greater depth with these groups, understand the complexities of community politics, and come to a more nuanced understanding of political mobilisation now flourishing across large parts of Muslim communities in the UK. Therefore, it is arguable increased awaren ess of the rights of individual citizens and communities will, with some notable exceptions, offer the solution to radicalisation by providing vehicles for solving the deeply entrenched problems associated with deprivation suffered by many Muslims and challenge extremist rhetoric and build community resilience along with political integration.

Magical and Sublime Characteristics of A Very Old Man With Enormous Win

Magical and Sublime Characteristics of A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings      Ã‚  Ã‚   "A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings" is a short fiction story written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez in 1955. It has both characteristics of magical realism and of the modern sublime. Therefore, Magical Realism and the Sublime seem to be related in many ways depending on how a person looks at a story. From all of the research I have read, magical realism and the sublime help to explain the characteristics of one another. This story definitely meets the criteria for magical realism and the sublime because of the many elements described. The very old man with wings, the unusual miracles, the woman spider, and the crab infestation, represent elements of the sublime and magical realism. Marquez makes these magical elements seem like the natural thing to occur. Angels, miracles, crabs, spiders, and money -making events are very real, but in this story he makes them sound so real and normal, whereas in real life they would be crazy and hard to believe. I discovered that that this story is based on a spiritual subject rather than something that is just completely not able to be related to some certain thing or place. Longinus talks about different authors stating that "the import of the sublime is clearly that it plumbs the depths of natural, visible reality to evoke an aesthetic and psychological experience of its hidden and invisible dimension of mystery, magic, and spirituality"(461). Sublime, having spirituality as a characteristic, and magical realism, having magic as a characteristic, are mixed in the story. The very old man with wings is sublime and magical because of its spirituality and the magic he made as he lived in the town. It is a r... ...all based on opinion. I know that there will be many people will place the two genres in different categories based on what they see. When a magical element is given, not everyone gets the same view out of it. I stand by my point, though; magical realism and the sublime are more alike than different. Works Cited Arensberg, Mary. The American Sublime. Ed. Mary Arensberg. Albany; N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1986. 1-5. Faris, Wendy B. "Magical Realism : Post Expressionism. "Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community." Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham; N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 163-190. Longinus. On the Sublime. Cambridge. Harvard UP, 1995. Shopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Idea! Philosophies of Art and Beauty. Eds. Albert Hofstadter and Richard Kuhns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976. 448-468.   

marco polo Essay -- essays research papers fc

Marco Polo   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marco Polo was born in c.1254 in Venice. He was a Venetian explorer and merchant whose account of his travels in Asia was the primary source for the European image of the Far East until the late 19th century. Marco’s father, Niccolo, and his uncle Maffeo had traveled to China in 1260 - 1269 as merchants. Despite Marco’s enduring fame very little was known about the personal life of Marco Polo. It is known that he was born into a leading Venetian family of merchants. He also lived during a propitious time in world history, when the height of Venice’s as a city-state coincided with the greatest extent of Mongol conquest of Asia. (http://darter.ocps.k12.fl.us/classroom/who/darter1/polo.htm )   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ruled by Kublai Khan, the Mongol hordes also threatened other parts of Europe, particularly Poland and Hungary, inspiring fears everywhere by their bloodthirsty advances. Yet the ruthless methods brought a measure of stability to the lands they controlled, opening up trade routes such as the famous Silk Road. Eventually, the Mongols discovered that it was more profitable to collect tribute from people that to kill them outright. Knowing this a number of European traders ventured, including the family of Marco Polo. (Marco Polo and the Medieval Explorers)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1269, Niccolo and Maffeo Polo arrived back in Venice, where Niccolo found out his wife had died while he was gone. Their son Marco was only about fifteen years old. Marco was raised primarily by his mother and the streets of Venice. These experiences had a big influence on young Marco.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1268, Pope Clement IV died, and there was about a three-year delay while another pope was being elected. This gave Marco time to mature and absorb the tales of his father and uncle. Marco was seventeen years old when he, his father and uncle set out for the court of Kublai Khan. They were also accompanied by two Dominican friars, and the good friars turned back at the first sign of adversity, another local war in Levant. Marco was the only new person in the Polo’s party, but he was a representative of the spirit of European civilization on the eve of the Renaissance. (The Travels of Marco Polo)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the way to Khan’s court, Marco had the opportunity to complete his education. T... ...cognize them, then they were astounded, and then were disgusted by their shabby appearance. The disgust changed to delight when the Polo’s invited everyone to a homecoming banquet, ripped apart their old clothes, and let all the hidden jewels clatter to the table.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marco was not yet ready to settle down. He became involved in naval warfare between Venetians and their trading rivals the Genoese. In 1298 Marco was captured and put in prison in Genoa. In prison Marco met a man named Rustichello from Persia, who was a writer. To pass the time Marco dictated his observations about Asia to Rustichello. After his prison experience, which lasted about a year, Marco was content to lead a quiet life in Venice with the rest of his family. He married Donata Badoer, a member of the Venetian aristocracy. Marco died in 1324 at the age of seventy. He left most of his wealth to his three daughters.. (http://darter.ocps.k12.fl.us/classroom/who/darter1/polo.htm ) Bibliography 1. http://darter.ocps.k12.fl.us/classroom/who/darter1/polo.htm 2. The Travels of Marco Polo, Mary Hull 3. Marco Polo in China, Li Man Kin 4. Marco Polo and the Medieval Explorers, Rebecca Stefoff

Process Safety And Loss Prevention Plant Engineering Essay

The system in figure 1 schematic of a nomadic incineration unit. The equipment is arranged as a skid mounted bundle, recess and out pipes have been disconnected from unit.for the care purpose unit can be skiding out to open infinite and accessing needed constituents straight, or subsequently taking constituents from the unit in order to derive the entree. All supply and waste connexion are from the unit. Because of cramped conditions. Figure 2 it shows the forepart and side positions of the unit is 2.5m tallness, 5m deep, 2m broad. [ 1 ] Components: Heat money changer ( EX ) Rotary kiln ( RK ) Scrubing unit ( SC ) Temperature accountant ( TC ) Fan motor ( FM ) Screw feeder ( SW ) Screw motor ( SM ) Feed hopper ( FH ) The kiln, heat money changer, and scrubber are each secured to border by 6 bolts and there are 4 connexions to each of the motors. The whole unit can be slid out to let care utilizing raising cogwheel and this requires 20 proceedingss to hale out and 40 proceedingss to return. The clip takes to take nuts and bolts 2 proceedingss and the clip takes to replace 5 proceedingss [ 1 ] MTTR ( Average Time To Repair ) is besides known as Mean Corrective Tim – Mct, or TC. is colored norm of the fix times for the system. ( a ) ( I ) Calculation of MTTR when the unit is slid out for fix: Here failure constituents are removed from unit and it will be repaired and replaced to unit. Components: Heat money changer ( EX ) Rotary kiln ( RK ) Scrubing unit ( SC ) Temperature accountant ( TC ) Fan motor ( FM ) Screw feeder ( SW ) Screw motor ( SM ) Feed hopper ( FH ) Formula for MTTR: TE† c = [ a?‘ni=1 ( I »i.Tc ( I ) ) ] / a?‘ni=1 ( I »i ) Where: TE† c ( I ) is the disciplinary clip for the i'th unit. I »i is the failure rate of the i'th unit. N is the figure of unit. [ 2 ] Failure informations ( I » ) : Heat exchanger failure rate ( I » ) = 40 ( failure per 10^6hours ) or 40A-10^-6hours [ 3 ] Rotary kiln ( I » ) basic constituents of a rotary kiln are the shell, the furnace lining liner, support tyres, rollers, driven cogwheel and internal heat money changer. So rotary kiln failure rate we may gauge amount of all constituents which are utilizing to do rotary kiln. Under technology premise rotary kiln failure rate ( I » ) = 30 ( failures per 106hours ) or 30A-10-6 hours Under technology premise Scrubbing unit failure rate ( I » ) = 45 ( failures per 106hours ) or 45A-10-6hours Under technology premise fan failure rate ( I » ) = 57 ( failures per 106 hours ) or 57A-10-6 Corrective clip for constituents ( Tc ) : ( Tc ) = Tdet + Tloc + Tpla + Tsel + ( Tpre / Tlog ) + ( [ Trem + Trep ] /Trip ) + Tver + Tstu Tdet = observing mistake Tlo = placement failure Tpla = be aftering the work Ts = select the failed point Tpre = shutdown & A ; readying Tlog = logistics clip Trem = remotion of failed point Trep = replacing of failed point Trip = repair-in-place Tver = verify the repaired point Tstu = re-start [ 4 ] Corrective clip for heat money changer ( Tc ) Heat money changer has four connexions in the unit and heat money changer framed by 6 bolts and nuts so clip to take take that constituent ( heat money changer ) Entire nuts and bolts for the heat money changer in the unit = 6 Time taking to take bolts and nuts at each connexion = 2 proceedingss So clip taking to take heat exchanger = 6A-2 = 12 proceedingss Time taking to replace bolts and nuts at each connexion = 5 proceedingss Time taking to replace heat money changer = 6A-5 = 30 proceedingss And we have to unplug the connexions here we have entire 4 connexion Time taking to unplug pipe line the unit line from whole unit Unpluging pipe line from temperature accountant it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from fan it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from rotary kiln it will take clip = 40 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to temperature accountant it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to fan it will take clip = 35 proceedingss Connecting pipes line to rotary kiln it will take clip = 45 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Corrective clip for heat money changer ( Tc ) = 12+30+20+25+40+20+25+35+45+30 =282 proceedingss or 4.7 hours Corrective clip for rotary kiln ( Tc ) Rotary kiln has four connexions connexions in the unit and rotary kiln framed by 6 bolts and nuts so clip to take take that constituent ( rotary kiln ) Entire nuts and bolts for the rotary kiln in the unit = 6 Time taking to take bolts and nuts at each connexion = 2 proceedingss So clip taking to take rotary kiln = 6A-2 = 12 proceedingss Time taking to replace bolts and nuts at each connexion = 5 proceedingss Time taking to replace rotary kiln = 6A-5 = 30 proceedingss And we have to unplug the connexions here we have entire 4 connexion Time taking to unplug the unit line from whole unit Unpluging pipe line from prison guard motor it will take clip = 23 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from heat money changer it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to sleep together motor it will take clip = 28 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to heat exchanger it will take clip = 35 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 40 proceedingss Corrective clip for rotary kiln ( Tc ) = 12+30+23+30+25+20+28+35+25+40 = 268 proceedingss or 4.46 hours Scrubing unit has four connexions in the unit and framed by 6 bolts and nuts so clip to take take that constituent ( scouring unit ) Entire nuts and bolts for the scouring unit in the unit = 6 Time taking to take bolts and nuts at each connexion = 2 proceedingss So clip taking to take scouring unit = 6A-2 = 12 proceedingss Time taking to replace bolts and nuts at each connexion = 5 proceedingss Time taking to replace scouring unit = 6A-5 = 30 proceedingss And we have to unplug the connexions here we have entire 4 connexion Time taking to unplug the unit line from whole unit Unpluging pipe line from fan it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 30 Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 35 Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 25 Connecting pipe line to fan it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 33 Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 38 Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 30 Corrective clip for scouring unit ( Tc ) = 12+30+25+30+35+25+30+33+38+30= 288 proceedingss or 4.80 hours Fan has besides four connexions with whole unit Unpluging pipe line from heat money changer it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from temperature accountant it will take clip = 30 Unpluging pipe line from scouring unit it will take clip = 33 Unpluging pipe line from fan motor it will take clip = 27 Connecting pipe line to heat exchanger it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to temperature accountant it will take clip = 33 Connecting pipe line to scouring unit it will take clip = 38 Connecting pipe line to fan motor it will take clip = 30 Corrective clip for fan unit ( Tc ) = 25+30+33+27+30+33+38+30= 246 proceedingss or 4.10 hours Table 1: Technetium for the when the unit is slid out for fix Component I » ( failures per 106or A-10-6hours ) Tc ( hours ) I » . Tc Heat money changer 40 4.70 188 Rotary kiln 30 4.46 133.8 Scrubing unit 45 4.80 216 Fan 57 4.10 233.7 a?‘I »= 172 a?‘I »Tc= 771.5 Tc = a?‘I »Tc / a?‘I » = 771.5 /172 = 4.48 hours The MTTR ( Average Time To Repair ) when the unit is slid out for fix = 4.48 hours ( a ) ( two ) Calculation of MTTR when the unit is repaired in topographic point: Here we have to cipher MTTR ( Average Time To Repair ) whole unit in topographic point Components: Heat money changer ( EX ) Rotary kiln ( RK ) Scrubing unit ( SC ) Temperature accountant ( TC ) Fan motor ( FM ) Screw feeder ( SW ) Screw motor ( SM ) Feed hopper ( FH ) Formula for MTTR: TE† c = [ a?‘ni=1 ( I »i.Tc ( I ) ) ] / a?‘ni=1 ( I »i ) Where: TE† c ( I ) is the disciplinary clip for the i'th unit. I »i is the failure rate of the i'th unit. N is the figure of unit. [ 5 ] Failure informations ( I » ) : Heat exchanger failure rate ( I » ) = 40 ( failure per 10^6hours ) or 40A-10^-6hours [ 6 ] Rotary kiln ( I » ) basic constituents of a rotary kiln are the shell, the furnace lining liner, support tyres, rollers, driven cogwheel and internal heat money changer. So rotary kiln failure rate we may gauge amount of all constituents which are utilizing to do rotary kiln. Under technology premise rotary kiln failure rate ( I » ) = 30 ( failures per 106hours ) or 30A-10-6 hours Under technology premise Scrubbing unit failure rate ( I » ) = 45 ( failures per 106hours ) or 45A-10-6hours Under technology premise fan failure rate ( I » ) = 57 ( failures per 106 hours ) or 57A-10-6 Corrective clip for constituents ( Tc ) : ( Tc ) = Tdet + Tloc + Tpla + Tsel + ( Tpre / Tlog ) + ( [ Trem + Trep ] /Trip ) + Tver + Tstu Tdet = observing mistake Tlo = placement failure Tpla = be aftering the work Ts = select the failed point Tpre = shutdown & A ; readying Tlog = logistics clip Trem = remotion of failed point Trep = replacing of failed point Trip = repair-in-place Tver = verify the repaired point Tstu = re-start [ 7 ] here we do n't necessitate to take constituents from unit for fix Corrective clip for heat money changer ( Tc ) : Heat money changer has four connexion in the whole unit Time taking to unpluging the unit line from whole unit Unpluging pipe line from temperature accountant it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from fan it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from rotary kiln it will take clip = 40 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to temperature accountant it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to fan it will take clip = 35 proceedingss Connecting pipes line to rotary kiln it will take clip = 45 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Corrective clip for heat money changer unit ( Tc ) = 20+25+40+20+25+35+45+30 = 240 minute or 4 hours Corrective clip for rotary kiln ( Tc ) : Unpluging pipe line from prison guard motor it will take clip = 23 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from heat money changer it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to sleep together motor it will take clip = 28 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to heat exchanger it will take clip = 35 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 40 proceedingss Corrective clip for rotary kiln ( Tc ) = 23+30+25+20+28+35+25+40 = 226 minute or 3.76 hours Corrective clip for scouring unit ( Tc ) : Unpluging pipe line from fan it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 30 Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 35 Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 25 Connecting pipe line to fan it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 33 Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 38 Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 30 Corrective clip for scouring unit ( Tc ) = 25+30+35+25+30+33+38+30 = 246 proceedingss or 4.10 hours Corrective clip for fan ( Tc ) : Unpluging pipe line from heat money changer it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from temperature accountant it will take clip = 30 Unpluging pipe line from scouring unit it will take clip = 33 Unpluging pipe line from fan motor it will take clip = 27 Connecting pipe line to heat exchanger it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to temperature accountant it will take clip = 33 Connecting pipe line to scouring unit it will take clip = 38 Connecting pipe line to fan motor it will take clip = 30 Corrective clip for fan unit ( Tc ) = 25+30+33+27+30+33+38+30= 246 proceedingss or 4.10 hours So based on computations and observation MTTR ( Mean To Time Repair ) for unit is slid out for fix is significantly more than unit is repaired in topographic point. Table 2: Technetium for the when the unit is repaired in topographic point Component I » ( failures per 106or A-10-6hours ) Tc ( hours ) I » . Tc Heat money changer 40 4.0 160 Rotary kiln 30 3.76 112.8 Scrubing unit 45 4.10 184.5 Fan 57 4.10 233.7 a?‘I »= 172 a?‘I »Tc= 691.0 Tc = a?‘I »Tc / a?‘I » = 691 /172 = 4.01 hours The MTTR ( Average Time To Repair ) when the unit is slid out for fix = 4.01 hours Mentions: ( 1 ) ( a ( I ) ) ( a ( two ) ) [ 1 ] Plant dependability and maintainability, assignment inquiry paper, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 7 ] Cris Whetton, ility technology. Maintainability. [ Lecture press release ] .from works dependability and maintainability, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. [ 3 ] [ 6 ] Frank P. Lees, 1996, Loss bar in the procedure industries, 2nd edition, volume 3. 1b ) Design alterations to cut down Mean Time To Repair ( MTTR ) : To accomplish optimal MTTR the undermentioned design consideration are recommended: The heat exchanger stuff must be considered based on the operating temperature of the liquid More dependable and maintainable stuff used in the rotary kiln Better we have one more scouring unit to cut down the Mean Time To mend MTTR Motor capacity must designed based on chilling demands All the pipe parametric quantities must be based on the operating temperature of the liquid throwing it Material which is utilizing to do all constituents should be defy all status The temperature accountant must be calibrated for the liquid temperature 1c ) Instrumentality which has system is utile to find the mistakes.so instrumentality in this system temperature accountant ( TC ) : Here TC maps to modulate the temperature of the liquid come ining the heat money changer that is, it pre-controls the liquid come ining the heat money changer. As shown in the figure, the temperature accountant modulate the temperature of the liquid released from the heat money changer and before being cooled by the fan which is control by fan motor. So temperature accountant is utile to observing the mistake which may happen in the heat money changer. Based on the given figure it can be likely assume that degree index may be used for the rotary kiln. a flat index is placed at the top of the rotary kiln. This is used is indicate the maximal degree of the mixture that can be accommodated in a rotary kiln. So this may be indicated the mistakes if anything occur. A flow rate valve is placed in the scrubber unit, so as to command the flow rate alkalic solution into the scouring unit. This flow rate valve allows merely the coveted sum of solution in to the scouring unit. Once the coveted degree is reached the valve will automatically close off the flow of liquid into the unit. And we have some detector dismay at the fan and fan motor and screw motor why because if these have any jobs will gives the signals so we can easy find the mistakes. Due to the incorporation of these instrumentality into the chief system the opportunities of failure is significantly reduced 2 ) Question description: Procedure works to respond liquid A and liquid B to bring forth merchandise C. liquid A passing into storage A utilizing liquid accountant. From storage it will pump to reactor. Liquid B go throughing into storage B utilizing liquid accountant from storage B to pumping to reactor. From reactor merchandise C coming out. Acid gas from reactor pumping to scouring unit. In scouring unit acid gas is cleaned utilizing alkalic solution which is go throughing into scouring unit. Scrubing unit leaves impersonal waste watercourse. Liquids ever available at the recesss to the procedure. There is at least two scouring units working right for the procedure. Stand-by pumps switch over automatically. Pipe work failures can be ignored. [ 1 ] Available informations: The computing machine system has a dependability of 0.9997 over one twelvemonth The operator dependability over one twelvemonth is 0.85 for indicated mistakes and 0.95 for mistakes which raise an dismay Scrubber unit has a weilbull failure characteristic with I · = 600 yearss, I? = 60days, and I? = 1.8 Reactor failures can affect the fomenter which has two failure manners. Shaft break failure rate = 0.1/year Motor failure rate = 0.3/year [ 1 ] 2 ( a ( I ) ) Fault tree analysis here merchandise fails to run into specification is the top event Alarm failure Liquid control LAL fails Liquid control Low degree High degree Agitator failure Coking job Motor failure Shaft break High degree Low degree Excess flow of liquid Angstrom Excess flow of liquid B Reactor Pump failure 2 ( a ( two ) ) Fault tree analysis here liquid waste watercourse composing outside bounds is the top event Low degree High degree Internal mal maps failure Connection fails between scrubbers Improper cleansing temperature Improper alkaline solution pumping to scrubber unit Scrubber unit failure Improper flow reactor to scrubber High degree Low degree Low degree High degree 2a ) computation of dependability of parts of the system Here parts of the system: Storages Reactor Agitator Pumps Scrubing unit Dependability of reactor: Here reactor failure can affect the fomenter failure. First one is shaft break and 2nd one is motor failure Failure rate of shaft break = 0.1/year Failure rate of the motor = 0.3/year Scrubber unit has a weilbull failure characteristic with I · = 600 yearss, I? = 60days, and I? = 1.8 [ 1 ] Failure rate of pump ( I » ) = 13A-10-6hours [ 2 ] Dependability of shaft break: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 [ 3 ] Failure rate of shaft break = 0.1/year So utilizing this we are happening T Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 0.1/year = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 Here one twelvemonth = 365 yearss 0.1/365 = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 T = 90.11 yearss Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 = 0.995 So dependability for shaft break = 0.995 Dependability of motor: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 Failure rate of the motor = 0.3/year So utilizing this we are happening T Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 0.3/year = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 Here one twelvemonth = 365 yearss 0.3/365 = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 T = 177.29 yearss Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 = 0.948 So dependability for motor = 0.948 Dependability for scouring unit: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^I? Here we have the T = 133.6 yearss Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Z ( T ) = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( 133.6-60 ) 1.8-1 Z ( T ) = 0.2/year Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^I? = 0.996 So dependability for scouring unit R ( T ) = 0.996 Dependability of pump: Failure rate of pump ( I » ) = 13A-10-6hours Dependability of pump R ( T ) = e-I »t Surviving clip t = 70 yearss One twenty-four hours = 24 hours Surviving clip T = 1680 hours Dependability of pump R ( T ) = e-I »t = vitamin E ( -13A-10^-6A-1680 ) Dependability of pump R ( T ) = 0.978 Mentions: [ 1 ] Plant dependability and maintainability, assignment inquiry paper, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. [ 2 ] Frank P. Lees, 1996, Loss bar in the procedure industries, 2nd edition, volume 3. [ 3 ] Cris Whetton, ility technology. Failure information analysis. [ Lecture press release ] .from works dependability and maintainability, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. 2b ) Reliability block diagram for the complete system Pump 1 Storage A Pump2 Scrubing unit Reactor Pump Storage B computation of dependability of the complete system over one twelvemonth: Here parts of the system: Storages Reactor Agitator Pumps Scrubing unit Dependability of reactor: Here reactor failure can affect the fomenter failure. First one is shaft break and 2nd one is motor failure Failure rate of shaft break = 0.1/year Failure rate of the motor = 0.3/year Scrubber unit has a weilbull failure characteristic with I · = 600 yearss, I? = 60days, and I? = 1.8 [ 1 ] Failure rate of pump ( I » ) = 13A-10-6hours Failure rate of fan ( I » ) = 57A-10-6hours [ 2 ] Dependability of shaft break: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 [ 3 ] Failure rate of shaft break = 0.1/year So utilizing this we are happening T Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 0.1/year = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 Here one twelvemonth = 365 yearss 0.1/365 = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 T = 90.11 yearss Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 = 0.995 So dependability for shaft break = 0.995 Dependability of motor: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 Failure rate of the motor = 0.3/year So utilizing this we are happening T Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 0.3/year = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 Here one twelvemonth = 365 yearss 0.3/365 = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 T = 177.29 yearss Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 = 0.948 So dependability for motor = 0.948 Dependability for scouring unit: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^I? Here we have the T = 133.6 yearss Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Z ( T ) = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( 133.6-60 ) 1.8-1 Z ( T ) = 0.2/year Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^I? = 0.996 So dependability for scouring unit R ( T ) = 0.996 Dependability of pump: Failure rate of pump ( I » ) = 13A-10-6hours Dependability of pump R ( T ) = e-I »t Surviving clip t = 70 yearss One twenty-four hours = 24 hours Surviving clip T = 1680 hours Dependability of pump R ( T ) = e-I »t = vitamin E ( -13A-10^-6A-1680 ) Dependability of pump R ( T ) = 0.978 Dependability of the complete system over twelvemonth R ( T ) = norm of system parts dependability = ( 0.995+0.948+0.996+0.978 ) /4 = 0.979 Therefore dependability of the complete system over twelvemonth = 0.979 Mentions: [ 1 ] Plant dependability and maintainability, assignment inquiry paper, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. [ 2 ] Frank P. Lees, 1996, Loss bar in the procedure industries, 2nd edition, volume 3. [ 3 ] Cris Whetton, ility technology. Failure information analysis. [ Lecture press release ] .from works dependability and maintainability, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. 2c ) To accomplish a mark dependability of 0.90 over one twelvemonth: Reliability mark is a nothing failure mark. This is an of import mark implied for those low acting workss, such workss does non accomplish certain ends designed by applied scientists. So we have to put appropriate mark to accomplish works design. the dependability of the system must be improved to accomplish the mark. to accomplish the dependability mark or to better dependability three basic ways must be employed. By system design By component specification By preventative care By system design: – The basic regulation of our system design is to maintain the design has simple as possible. the system is more dependable if the system is simple. Some of the stairss include, System simplification: To cut down the complexnesss in procedure works at the design phase its ego Decrease in the usage of Complex parts by replacing them with more cardinal parts The design should be made simple and easy to under base Decrease in constituent count: The figure of constituents used in the works must be reduced. complex constituents must be avoided for the simpleness of the design. Mistake tolerance: The basic features of mistake tolerance require: No individual point of failure No individual point of repair- the system must run without any break during the procedure of fix when the system experiences any jobs. Mistake isolation to the neglecting component- in instance of failures the failed portion of the system must be isolated from the pained system. This requires necessary failure sensing mechanism. Fault containment to forestall extension of the failure Handiness of reversion modes- some failures may do cripples to the full system, to avoid the full procedure system must force to the safe manner By component specification: For the dependability of a constituent it must be adequately specified for their full length of service. Extra dependability can be provided by runing the constituents at lower emphasis so their operating emphasiss. By making so early failures of the constituents can be reduced. in a procedure industry it is really hard to better dependability merely by specification. This is attributed to the deficit of necessary informations sing the affect of emphasiss on the constituents. Components of high quality can non be used ever for economic grounds. Normally the parametric quantities required to better dependability frequently contradict with procedure demands. Some of the dependability betterments include: Use of disciplinary maintenance- it is defined as the care which is required to mend and convey merchandise after the fix is carried out. it is carried out in constituents who is failures does n't impact of the overall working of the procedure system significantly. This activity chiefly involves fix, Restoration or replacing of constituents. Design improvement-the design of any high quality procedure works is based on the design parametric quantities and proficient specifications. the reactor design must be improved for high rates of efficiency. Temperature, force per unit area and other external considerations must be included in the design of reactor and storage armored combat vehicles. Quality control-Quality control assures conformity to specifications. quality control checks whether measurings of the constituents like reactors, storage armored combat vehicle, scrub units as in this instance conform to the demands. Preventive care: Is defined as a care carried out to forestall failure or warring out of constituents in the procedure works. This is carried out by supplying systematic review, sensing and bar of inchoate failure. The preventive care attempts are aimed at continuing the utile life of equipment and avoiding premature equipment failures, minimising any impact on operational demands. In add-on to the everyday facets of cleansing, adjusting, lubricating and proving. it is carried out merely on those points where a failure would hold expensive or unacceptable effects e.g. reactors, storage armored combat vehicles, scouring units. Many of these points are besides capable to a statutory demand for review and preventative care. [ 1 ]