Early marriage Essay

Early marriages are marriages that happen between people under the age of eighteen. Such marriages are spread all over Palestine. In particular, they occur in Palestinian rural rather than urban areas. These practices take place for several reasons. One very important cause is the religious definition of adulthood which is more related to physical and biological aspects rather than psychological and behavioral. Another essential purpose for this practice is the lack of adequate education. Moreover, sometimes it is caused by the negative social point of view that links between fertility and age for women. However, governments, nowadays, are working to decrease the practice of early marriage as it deprives girls from their major rights and causes many health consequences for them. One effect of the early marriage is that it takes away many of the girls’ major rights. Firstly, it deprives them from the right to continue their education. As an illustration, the majority of girls, especially those who live in rural areas, are forced to get married instead of persisting their education. Furthermore, this deprivation results in lack of knowledge on how to raise the children well. Secondly, being forced to marry at an early age does not allow the girls to choose their lifelong partner. Thus, it makes her more of a follower instead of taking her decisions by herself. Finally, girls who marry at a young age are often isolated from their society and friends. This means, most of the young wives do not have the right to communicate freely with their family and friends since the responsibilities does not allow them to do so. On my point of view, forcing young women to marry before they reach eighteen years old is a violation against basic human rights. Another possible effect of the early marriage is that it leads to some bad health consequences on the woman herself and on her children too. For example, young brides are expected to become pregnant at an early age and there is a strong connection between the age of a mother and affectionate mortality. To be specific, Girls ages l0-14 are five times more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than women aged 20-24 and girls aged 15-19 are twice as likely to die .additionally, young mothers live greater risks during their pregnancies and suffer from many complications. For instance, they go through many dangerous conditions such as heavy bleeding, fistula, infection, anemia, and eclampsia which contribute to higher mortality rates  of both mother and child. In addition, early marriages may also lead to vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among young wives. To be particular, in Africa, Being young and female is a major risk factor for infection and young girls are being infected at a considerably disproportional rate to that of boys. Despite the fact that early marriages are sometimes seen by parents as a mechanism for protecting their daughters from HIV/AIDS, future husbands may already be infected from previous sexual encounters; so, it is a risk which is particularly serious for girls with older husbands. The lake of major rights and the physical consequences are some of the effects of early marriage that leads to a poor life to an innocent child. Therefore, there has to be more emphasis on the governments to convince people against it .However, families, nowadays, have recognized that young marriages are not good for children especially for girls. In addition, some concerned groups have actually tried to make new laws in countries so that the legal age of marriage will be raised to eighteen or more in order to save lives and create a better world for females.

Demerits of Advertising Essay

Advertising is a form of communication used to encourage or persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. The purpose of advertising may also be to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful. Advertising messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various traditional media; including mass media such as newspaper, magazines, television commercial, radio advertisement, outdoor advertising or direct mail; or new media such as websites and text messagesModern advertising developed with the rise of mass production in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Type Demerits1 Demerits of Advertising (Objections) Various objections against it may be listed as follows: 1. Economic Objections a) Advertising is not productive. It is true that it does not produce any tangible goods. It is said to involve wasteful expenditure. b) It forces people to desire and buy goods, which, in fact, are not within their means.  c) It increases the cost of goods. Advertising charges are included in the price, which the consumer has to pay. d) Advertising results in monopoly. The consumer becomes a slave to a particular brand. 2. Social Objections a) Most of the advertisements contain tall claims and the consumers do not enjoy the benefits advertisement in full. They are shortlived only. b) The press is influenced by the advertisers because they provide major revenue for the existence of newspapers. 3. Ethical Objections a) Advertising appeals make people to use such articles, which may affect their health. For example alcoholic drinks and cigarettes. b) People with less purchasing power cannot afford to buy articles even though advertisements create a strong need in them. Thus a section of society remains discontented. Whatever may be said against advertising, it is increasingly used almost in every branch of business to promote sales. It is not merely a means of sales promotion but today it has become a science equivalent to any other social science. Type Demerits 2 These are the disadvantages of advertising: Increases the cost: It increases the cost of goods. The cost of the advertisement is included in the price and is ultimately borne by the customers. Misleads the public: It misleads the public by giving false statements about the product. (It may be true in some cases but majority of advertisers know the value of honest statements.) Creates a dissatisfaction: It creates tastes and desires for some people whose income may not allow them to buy. Such people feel dissatisfied. Creates a monopoly: It increases monopolistic trend. Due to advertisement some manufacturers create monopoly in industry and thus reduce healthy competition. It becomes difficult for new firms to enter the field. Creates the confusion: It creates the possibility of wrong purchases. Being impressed by the advertisement, in some cases, a person is not able to purchase the commodity, which he actually wants to purchase. Encourages luxury: This encourages luxury. Mostly the commodities related to comforts and luxuries are advertised, for example, cigarettes, cosmetic goods and etc. due to advertisement of cigarettes several persons start smoking cigarettes, which becomes habit. Reduces cleanliness: It reduces cleanliness. Large number of posters and writings on the walls are used for advertisement. This makes the roads and the walls of the houses look dirty. Thus, it reduces the natural beauty. Causes wastage: It is a cause of wastage of natural resources. As a results of advertisement, style and fashion change quickly. It makes the goods out of fashion.

A Stars Life And Death Sciences Essay

A Stars Life And Death Sciences Essay When we look in the sky at night and see all the stars your eyes can see. We think they are permanent although we may think this technology has given us the chance to see otherwise. Massive telescopes like the Hubble space telescope has let us experience and see the birth and death of stars. Where some stars just burn out and fade away other stars go out with a bang. There are billions upon billions of starts in space and their all different sizes. But only one type of star will collapse in and turn its self into a black hole. A protostar: Let’s start from the beginning, the pillars of creation is a piece of a space nebula 7,000 light years away from earth in the eagle nebula it is just one of the billion birth places of stars. What are they made up of well I’ll tell you they are made up of dust gas and different elements of the periodic table like hydrogen, helium, calcium oxygen silicone and iron. As gravity forces this dust and gas mixture into a flat disc accretion occurs, a process in which more atoms are added to create a protostar. Now at this stage a star is not yet stable because of the countless reactions occurring within the forming star. For this newly forming star to become stable it must reach equilibrium. Equilibrium is the balancing act between the star and gravity. Equilibrium occurs by gas pressure equaling the force of gravity. Gas pressure occurs by thermonuclear fusion which is the combining of the nuclei of small atoms to form the nuclei of larger ones, with a resulting release of large quantities of energy. For nuclear fusion to begin and equilibrium to occur the core of a protostar has to reach 18 million degrees Fahrenheit. When it reaches this critical temperature it will begin nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. And if nuclear fusion doesn’t happen it will end up a brown dwarf. Once nuclear fusion begins a star is born. Main sequence star: A main sequence star is made up of essentially two sections the core w here nuclear fusion occurs and the outer gaseous shell. Stars will live out most of their life in the main sequence just as our sun is. Once a star begins nuclear fusion it becomes self luminous it generates its own heat. Now how long will a star live out its life well that’s hard to tell it all depends on the stars mass and it turns out that how hot a star is will determine the color of the star like for instance a red dwarf star which is  ½ to 1/10 the mass of our sun. With its surface temperature less than 7,000 degrees Fahrenheit and is also the most common type of star in the universe. However we don’t see the small Red stars we see the massive blue main sequence star, its surface temperature is 45,000 degrees Fahrenheit, it is up to 20 times the mass of the sun and up to 10,000 times more luminous than that of our sun. There is however a down side to being a massive blue star. With that being said the less the mass of a star the less atoms a star has to maintai n its equilibrium. The bigger the mass of a star the more atoms a star will have to maintain its equilibrium. With regards to a stars life however the more massive a star the shorter its life will be and the less massive a star the longer it’s life. This is because in larger stars thermonuclear fusion happens at a much faster rate than that of a smaller star. Once a star has reached equilibrium it has not stopped changing there just isn’t a huge amount of change going on, and as we already know a star will live out most of its life in this stage. But we must remember gravity forced the star together to begin with and it also wants to destroy it.

Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Case Study - Research Paper Example According to this company, their peanuts butter and jelly pockets are enclosed using crimping method and they do not include the outer hard part of the bread. However, the U.S. Patent and Trademark office rejected the company’s request by claiming that the same method was being for making pie crust, which has been use since 1980s. The Smucker’s argument is unjustifiable because they bought the idea from other people and other producers of similar products had already established their companies in the same industry. According to Greenhalgh & Rogers, (2010), since the company already has an exclusive authority to produce peanut butter and Jelly sandwich, it would be unfair for them to protect the method they use to produce their own products. The U.S. patent system claims that granting Smucker company absolute right to process and sell the Uncrustables will disadvantage the buyers because it will create monopoly in the sale of those products (Matthew, 2011). This is true because these are essential commodities and Smucker already has patent for production of peanut butter and jelly sandwich. By limiting the processes used in manufacturing will discourage other interested investors from exploiting the available opportunities in the market. According to those who were in favor of Smucker idea to acquire protection against duplication of the production of Uncrustables, excusive right encourages inventions and economic advancement. This is because it offers incentives to those people with unique ideas. However, the patenting department f United States claimed that most of the ideas are not inventive but just modifications of the existing ideas (Matthew, 2011). It is obvious that even the J.M. Smucker had purchased the idea from Len Kretchman and David Geske who were the initial owners of the invention. Therefore, this argument is somewhat invalid because such a move will limit economic advancement. According to

Unions in China and Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unions in China and Germany - Essay Example The essay "Unions in China and Germany" talks about the time when Hitler ruled in Germany and the union between Germany and China. Under the rule of Hitler, Germany saw a transformation into a dictatorship from a republic through the coordination process. After 1934 August, it became a totalitarian state.The ACFTU is the only legal organization of trade unions. It is structured to suit the requirements of a socialist power economy. With the start of liberalization in China in 1978, the ACFTU experienced a turning point as it was fed by the peasant economy’s surplus labor. On the other hand, in Germany, Hitler realized that unions exercised more power than he could over the workers. Although he needed the workers to back him, he did not wish the unions to have so much power and, therefore, all unions were banned and the state assumed their roles. The German Labor Force deliberately masked in patriotism, replaced all unions. To gain the workers’ support, they were offered improved lifestyles and subsidized holidays, but the right to strike was taken away. Strikes became illegal. Leadership was from top to down, with the working class having no power of say. In China, the trade unions’ National Congress is the highest level of decision making, together with the ensuing ACFTU Executive Committee. It is worth noting that although only the ACFTU is legal, power is transferred to it from the top and distributed among other democratically elected offices. The unions at the grassroots allow dual leadership.; from the national level and at the local level. The National Congress holds a meeting after every five years and when it goes into recess, its powers are exercised by the Executive Committee, which takes charge of the unions. Through the Executive Committee, elections are conducted to choose a chairman, several vice chairmen and members of a Presidium, who form the Presidium that convenes the Executive Committee’s plenary session annually . When the Executive Committee goes into recess, the Presidium takes over power and holds plenary sessions quarterly. A Secretariat is created under the Presidium and it consists of a first secretary and a number of other secretaries who attend to the daily business of the ACFTU. Headquartered at the ACFTU is an auditing commission together with 12 other functioning departments ranging from finance to technical and legal. In the Federal Republic of Germany, associations for employers were reestablished with the founding of the republic, but did not achieve their status of power before the 1950s economic boom. Unlike China, several unions exist in Germany. Presently, there are a few hundred associations for employers and they are grouped under the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA), Federation of German Industries (BDI) and German Industrial and Trade Conference (DIHT). The BDA is the labor unions’ negotiating counterpart in collective bargaining situations, while the BDI and DIHT influence the economic policy of the government. Labor in Federal Germany is further organized in three key centralized associations. They are the German Federation of Civil Servants, the German Union of Salaried Workers and the German Confederation of Trade Unions. The German Confederation of Trade Unions (DGB) is the largest by far. It represents the interests of its eight individual trade union members which, in turn, represent over six million workers. The position of the confederation pertaining to

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Business Law - Essay Example Clearly, the absence of a written partnership agreement between Jamie and Joe/Jack does not negate the fact that they both entered into a partnership agreement. Its existence may therefore be inferred from other grounds such as entering into business contracts with third parties in the name of or in representation of the partnership. Having established the existence of a partnership agreement between Jamie and Joe/Jack, the latter is liable for the funds as well as the other assets of the partnership, with special mention (Last Name) 2 of Jamie’s trademark and special design processes which Joe/Jack sold to clients without the consent and/or knowledge of Jamie. Section 404 Paragraph b of the Uniform Partnership Act of 1997 clearly states that, â€Å"(b) A partner’s duty of loyalty to the partnership and the other partners is limited to the following: (1) to account to the partnership and hold as trustee for it any property, profit, or benefit derived by the partner in the conduct and winding up of the partnership business or derived from a use by the partner of partnership property, including the appropriation of a partnership opportunity; (2) to refrain from dealing with the partnership in the conduct or winding up of the partnership business as or on behalf of a party having an interest adverse t o the partnership; and (3) to refrain from competing with the partnership in the conduct of the partnership business before the dissolution of the partnership.†

Cultural Diversity and Diverse Sacred Spaces Assignment

Cultural Diversity and Diverse Sacred Spaces - Assignment Example These are all sacred places with spiritual significance to their believers, although their exact functions and related rituals somewhat vary for each religion.The Ka’ba in Mecca, the Wailing Wall, and the Bodhi Tree are the holiest sites because of what they represent to the history of these religions. The Wailing Wall, also called the Western Wall, is the holiest site for Judaism because it is the last remaining wall of the Second Temple. The First Temple refers to Solomon's Temple. This temple, however, was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE. The Jews rebuilt the Temple, which the Romans destroyed in 70 CE. For several centuries, the Jews went to the Wailing Wall to cry over the destruction of their Second Temple. The Ka’ba is the holiest place for Islam. It is the heart of their hajj, or spiritual pilgrimage, and is located inside the Grand Mosque in Mecca. Muslims believe in the centrality of the Ka’ba as a sacred place of their faith – it is the space inside it, rather than Mecca itself, which is seen as consecrated (Morgan, 2010). Many Muslims think that Adam had built the original Ka’ba but it then was ruined by the Great Flood (Morgan, 2010). The Bodhi Tree is also the holiest place for Buddhists because it is the tree where Buddha attained enlightenment (Harvey, 1990). The original Bodhi tree and its progeny are treated as relics because they symbolize Buddha’s enlightenment (Harvey, 1990). Enlightenment, or being awakened, is also called the wisdom of emptiness. It means that individual existence is not possible since everything is interconnected (Harvey, 1990). The importance of enlightenment to Buddhism portrays the role of the Bodhi Tree in the attainment of this process. The Ka’ba and the Bodhi Tree have mystical origins that the Wailing Wall does not possess. The Ka’ba contains the sacred black stone that Abraham and Ishmael placed there (Morgan, 2010). Pre-Islamic worship believes that the stones of the Ka’ba came from heaven (Morgan, 2010). The Bodhi Tree has miraculous qualities. It is believed to be cut before and to have grown again miraculously the next night (Harvey, 1990). The Wailing Wall does not have any mythical source because it is a man-made creation. Its importance lies in its historical and social functions. These sacred places are centers of prayer or spiritual meditation, although they also serve social purposes. The Wailing Wall enhances the attachment of the people to their Jewish history and identity. It signifies their â€Å"displaced sense of persecution and religious compensation† (Heyd, 1999, p.22). The Western Wall acts as a place of prayer and community activities. The Jews have commonly inserted prayers into the wall cracks because of the belief that they will come true. The custom of inserting written prayers into the wall is so extensive that some American-Jewish newspapers take advertisements of services of putting in s uch prayers for sick Jews. Moreover, Jewish families often gather near the wall to celebrate social events, such as their children’s bar mitzvah, which is a party for boys who turned thirteen. The Ka’ba and the Bodhi Tree are distinct places of worship. Muslims and Buddhists go to these places as part of their pilgrimage. People go there to pray, to assert their faith, and to strengthen their religious communities. Like the Wailing Wall, these sacred sites reinforce the connection between believers and their relationship to their faith. Similar rituals are conducted around the Ka’

Hard news Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hard news - Essay Example â€Å"I use acrylic paints because they are versatile, available in many shades, blend well and can be mixed with glazes or pastes for different effects. As I work fairly quickly, they are more suited to my style,† he says. â€Å"Angony is very quick when he works and he doesn’t like to be interrupted. I think that is why he doesn’t usually like to have people around while he’s ‘in the zone’† says neighbor Sheila Creeley. â€Å"But sometimes you’ll notice the green hat you were wearing or that thing that you were doing in one of his next paintings.† Primitive art recognizes that the underlying elements of human emotions can be deeply expressed through the colors and lines of the work more than the symbols and forms found in the image. By de-emphasizing focus on the image and channeling the emotional experience of the moment, primitive artists attempt to bridge any emotional distance introduced through cultural or social differences of symbol interpretation. This concept is perhaps best expressed by the words of Jean Francois Lyotard in his 1984 book The Postmodern Condition when he describes the process as an attempt â€Å"to make visible that there is something which can be conceived and which can neither be seen nor made visible.† This element is most often referred to as the sublime. For many artists, such as Angony, this sublime element is recaptured to the highest degree through the sense of wonder and imagination typically found through the focus on ‘primitive’ geometric forms. The movement toward primitive art was started by Pablo Picasso. As artists concentrated on the essence of the experience of the art and its creation instead of the symbolic form, they discovered that emotions were generally felt the same universally even when technical elements such as symbols, shapes or colors were understood differently by different cultures. This meant that the

Slang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slang - Essay Example Although there are no religious, cultural and economic inhibitions that may restrict its usage, the religiously conservative consider sex as being too serious to be described thus loosely. This phrase is mostly used by the youthful and in less formal settings and audience such as entertainment. Because of its heavy sexual connotations and denotation, the word is mostly used by the mature youth who are already sexually active. There are no class restrictions that may inhibit the use of this phrase but religious conservatives maintain reservations towards the word. This phrase has strong sexual denotations and connotations, thereby restricting it to the mature youth. Again, this group may use it exclusively as language register (keeping it away from those outside their social circles). This phrase cuts across all economic divides, but its usage is less popular among the ultra-religious. This verb phrase is mostly used by the mature youth. Its old profile has steered it clear of teenage use. The phrase cuts across all economic divides but fails to penetrate the ultra-religious due to it being a taboo word. The phrase is used in informal settings and in the presence of youthful audience that is also part of the speaker’s social network. This acronym is commonest among the youth and has already infiltrated teenagers through electronic media, especially the Internet. The word permeates all social classes but remains widely unaccepted among Christians since its last initial is a taboo word and an expletive. The audience is mainly the youth and the audience is very informal. The use of this word permeates all socioeconomic classes and ages, with some Christians being the exception. This is because Christians consider the use of the word as tantamount to trifling with God’s name and a transgression of the Third Commandment. The word is commonly used in an informal setting and audience, particularly in online

Relationship between literature, ehnicity and immigration Essay

Relationship between literature, ehnicity and immigration - Essay Example It is an observation that since ancient times, immigration remained a major activity of humans around the globe who used to travel from one region to another in search of food, shelter, employment, and several other facilities. In the result, this activity has enjoyed significant importance in every aspect of human life, and that is observable in huge amount of literature that indicates significance of immigration and its effects on different aspects of societies globally. This briefly allows the researcher to identify the relationship between immigration and literature, as the later one has always played the role of providing commentary regarding different cultural and social aspects related to the process of immigration during different eras. In addition, it is an understanding that literature has also been responsible for promoting or discouraging immigration in certain regions, and thus, both enjoy a strong relationship with each other. On the other hand, ethnicity is another imperative notion of human society that refers to the social concept that enables individuals or a group of people to identify each other based on language, culture, or ideology. In particular, analysis (Suls, pp. 33-38) has indicated that literature has been an important factor when it comes to ethnicity, as ethnic groups consider literature as one of their fundamental evidences to prove their ethnicity, and thus, literature and ethnicity exist in an interconnecting relationship with each other. Moreover, if one looks at the relationship of ethnicity and immigration, scrutiny of different sources has pointed out that immigration plays a crucial role in determining ethnicity of different group of people. For instance, when a group of people migrates from one country to another reason for any particular reason, the future generations of same group identify themselves in midst of two ethnicities, one existing in literature connecting them with th eir forefathers, and on the other hand, one existing in their society where they opened their eyes and grew up. In this regard, both literature and immigration are significant factors to contribute in alteration of ethnicity in a society, whereas, both immigration and ethnicity causes changes in literature, and similarly, literature and ethnicity has always become a reason of immigration in different parts of the globe. Therefore, it will be appropriate to state that all three notions of literature, ethnicity, and immigration enjoy a triangular relationship, where they interrelate with each other in different aspects. Examination of different sources (Suls, pp. 59-64) has indicated that literature related to immigration has always referred to historical and cultural models and techniques to understand its different features. In addition, literature and studies related to ethnicity have indicated dominance of similar models that indicates the relationship of the two with the literatu re. Another factor of their similar relationship with literature is their similar propensity towards ignoring social and cultural structures on micro or individual level. However, there have been instances where experts have suggested for a psychological scrutiny of different aspects of ethnicity and immigration and their impact on micro level; however, results have pointed out that both exist on macro level, and thus, majority of literature has indicated their construction as a macro component of human society. In order to understand the relationship of literature, ethnicity, and immigration further, the paper will now include analysis of the relationship based on theory of social identity by Tajfel (pp. 23-25) that will be effective in

Users of financial information and their informational needs Essay Example for Free

Users of financial information and their informational needs Essay Users of accounting information are either internal or external to the organization. These users need information to help them make informed or reliable decisions or judgements with regards to the organization. Different groups have different demands for the financial information contained in a set of accounts. Information needs of internal users These include; Management; This category is made up of the senior employees who run the organization on a day- to- day basis. They are interested in information such as, Finance of the organization (working capital) The growth prospects (value of shares and dividends) Employees ; This is the group of workers in the organization made up of existing potential and past employees. The members of this group are concerned with job security and future prospects. Therefore, they need information to assess the company’s profitability, liquidity and growth prospects. Employees need information about The financial state of the organization ( for their salaries) The growth and stability of the organization ( new investments ) to ensure continuity of employment. Profitability. Others are informational needs of external users including Customers; Those who buy from the organization either for cash or on credit are interested in; The profitability The growth and stability ( new product lines) Customers will also need information or price so they can assess whether the company is overcharging them or not. General public; This group includes the taxpayers, the consumer, social groups such as environmental societies and pressure groups such as the media organizations. Each individual group informational needs depend on its own particular interests. They require information on; Annual Reports (including financial statements) social costs to ascertain the effects and influence of operations on the society and the environment. Governments; This group includes all government or government linked authorities such as tax authorities ( internal revenue service ) local authorities and the department of Trade and Industries. The investment regulatory body are also included in this group. This group requires information to assess whether companies have complied with the relevant legislation and also to generate statistical measures to help them to assess and form macroeconomic policies. They require information such as; Financial statements Payroll summaries Income tax deductions and social security contributions.

The Importance of Accountability Paper Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Accountability Paper Essay The profound style of experienced training provided for health care workers require an important set of distinguished guidelines of accountability and prepare administrators to handle diversified patients that could be highly affected by common human errors, misconduct or neglect. Health care industries are the primary financial asset throughout the nation, thus obtaining funds from private administrative sectors can be highly expensive compared to other organizations. With proper practice of health care laws and experienced health services provided, physicians can adjust unethical behavior in a positive way. This paper will discuss the importance of accountability in health care organizations and the employees as well as how it applies to ethical considerations in management. Also discussed is how a checks and balance process reflects on a successful organization. The paper will also address if accountability affects the organization’s working culture as well as how to remain a positive outlook or avoid blame in the working culture. Measuring Employee’s Accountability Health care organizations uphold high accountability guidelines from all aspects such as controlling, coordinating and creating special regulations in order to ensure the best healthcare for patients, success for healthcare providers, and efficiency within the healthcare system. Accountability is necessary within healthcare settings not only for patients, but also for the community as a whole. Reliance and trust weigh heavy for healthcare providers as it serves as a leader in community resources. As a vital source within the community, the hospital for example is held to the highest standards in accountability for the community. It is viewed as the center of medical ethics, quality, and ultimately essential to the public. Requiring employees to be accountable for his or her actions can be a major challenge (Lion, 2012). According to Lion, physicians often look the other way when  they need to enforce accountability to their staff and tend to think it will go away on its own (Lion, 2012). The group of managers will be the ones to specify what control screening will be done in between performance reviews to determine excellence of care and to make certain all aspects of the job are completed. It is also important to detect any irregularities that may be problematic within the organization. This actually means that authorized and disciplinary actions will be irrefutable based on internal standards as imposed by the organization. Additionally, the external sources include localized health care information picked by the United States Department of Health and Human Services that has experts to implement health care laws as well as making sure that organizations are abiding by these laws (Martin Frahm, 2010). They have assigned departments that are dedicated to complete the work for a specific time zone and they are the legitimate source to provide supervision in health care organizations. However, if any misconduct occurs then the legal department will take disciplinary actions and will have a legal battle with the Supreme Court. Ethical Considerations in Leadership and Management Ethics is a sensible perspective to various health care managers and leaders that aids to implement regulatory practices within an organization by improving the decision-making mechanisms. Ethics is most certainly an important terminology for all health care industries because it provides them with everyday determination and provides them with mutual accountability (DeCamp, 2013). Ethics also has an essential effect and role due to its influential subject matter. There are segments of ethics like clinical and management ethics that are based on the perception of accountability in health care industries because they regulate trustees that are critical building trust with patients. As a result, health care organization leaders have to implement a culture that would encourage and conserve the health related concerns of patients by way of motivation. Additionally, health leaders and managers should work together with the organization’s stakeholders such as local, state and government agencies as well as other physicians and payers (DeCamp, 2013). Managers and leaders should also make sure that the organization’s culture emulates the ethical quality that highlighted towards the needs of patients. The culture achieves  the benchmark the organization needs for practice and regulation measures needed to share the resources and expectations of the organization. Checks and Balances Process The checks and balance was created as a system to control the organization or an individual person as well as for the foundation of an amicable interconnection with everyone from each department within an organization. The checks and balance within a profitable organization authorizes the appropriate, competent employee to be in charge of overseeing governing and supportive concepts or developments. A fundamental perspective to consider in health care is that there will always be room for an employee to abuse his or her power in order to gain unauthorized access to company funds (Feigenbaum, 2015). This is why it is important for organizations to invest in proper security measures to ensure the assets of the company are safe from outside theft as well as internal misconduct (Feigenbaum, 2015. Accountability’s Affect on Working Culture and Avoiding Blame Accountability has an affect on the working culture because it operates like an external tool to help control and monitor the organization. Accountability has demonstrated that health care organizations have improved its level of effectiveness. It also helps to strongly monitor employees who blame others for mistakes rather than accept responsibility. This makes it easier for the organization to organize special activities or training for the improvement of services provided from the staff to the patient. In every health care organization patient safety is the primary concern and it is an aspect to consider when dealing with joined work efforts, human experiences and the value of accuracy. In order to manage a suitable working culture it is important to recognize how and why the breakdown occurred and what can be done to improve the complex issues of a health care organization. Every stakeholder involved along with the organization’s employees should put their issues aside and prosper to obtain the improvement of the organization as a common objective. It is also important for staff to explore new methods to achieve accountability at the highest level and to be open minded for new innovative ideas as well as sharing them with fellow employees. A poor quality accountability process will lead to the deterioration of the organization’s decision-making process and safety policies. Conclusion Accountability in any organization is important because it can make all the difference on the success or failure for a company. Every employee regardless of level or position should be held accountable for his or her actions or mistakes and be ready to face the consequences that come after. Above all, the best methods or actions need to be placed on ensuring patient safety and providing the best form of health services in the organization. Accountability is essential to an organization in order to avoid problems if they are handle responsibly and effectively. References DeCamp, M. (2013, February). Ethics in Accountable Care Organizations. AMA Journal Ethics: Illuminating the Art of Ethics, 15(2), 156-161. Retrieved from http://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/2013/02/pfor1-1302.html Feigenbaum, E. (2015). Chron: The Meaning of Checks and Balances. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/meaning-checks-balances-4095.html Lion, M. H. (2012, July). Physicians Money Digest: Establishing Staff Accountability. Retrieved from http://www.hcplive.com/physicians-money-digest/practice-management/Establishing-Staff-Accountability Martin, L., Frahm, K. (2010, March). The Nature of Accountability in Administrative Practice. Journal of Sociology Social Welfare, 37(1), 137-148. 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Effect of Urban Living on Sustainability

Effect of Urban Living on Sustainability Continued Urbanisation – Does it hold the key to sustainable living? March 25th 2010 – was a key turning point in humanity (Graph 1); it was on that day, for the first time ever, that over half of the world’s population (50.5%) were classified as living in urban areas (compared to rural), as a result of urbanisation. Graph 1, showing Urban and Rural World Population change since 1950. Causes of Urbanisation Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities1, this results from: rural to urban migration (mostly in LEDCs and NICs) natural increase (birth rate exceeds deathrate) (mostly in LEDCs and NICs) Urbanisation rates vary temporally and spatially, indeed most MEDCs began urbanising in the 1800’s as a result of industrialisation. In the 1950s, North America and Europe were home to the world’s most urbanised regions, though Tokyo overtook New York as the world’s largest city. By the mid 60s, the world’s urban population passed 1 billion, with rates of urbanisation having become highest in Asia and Africa; and Asia having more urban dwellers than Europe. By the 80s, urbanisation rates in China were once again increasing, though had slowed globally. Worldwide urban dwellers exceeded 2 billion, with Toyko’s population having reached 30 million. During the first decade of the 21st century the urban/rural balance of the industrial countries stabilised at 70-80% mark. Analysts predict that by 2020 the world’s urban population will reach 4 billion and China will become more than 50% urbanised2. The greatest contributor to urbanisation is that of migration. Migration is controlled by a series of push and pull factors (Table 1). Table 1: Push Pull factors contributing to urbanisation Push Factors (usually negative, and repel people from the rural area) Pull Factors (usually positive, and attract people to move to the urban area) *high unemployment *low unemployment; better employment opportunities *population increase *better living standards *famines (such as in Ethiopia in the 1980s) *housing – quality and availability *flooding (such as in Bangladesh where people move to Dhaka) *essential services such as health and education are more readily available and accessible Sustainable Urban Living Global urbanisation is bringing the majority of the world’s population together in cities, making it easier to provide access to essential services, as the people are in concentrated areas. But, realistically, does continued urbanisation actually hold the key to future sustainable living, or is the rate of growth such that we cannot keep pace? For future sustainability, the lifestyle of our global population must reduce the rate of depletion of natural resources, from the earth, so that we can meet our needs, whilst not negatively impacting on the lives of future generations. Sustainable living means ‘living a lifestyle that uses as few resources as possible and causes the least amount of environmental damage for future generations to deal with’3. Figure 1 below considers some of the key elements of urban sustainability4 Essentially, to be sustainable, our system outputs should be ‘recycled or re-used’ so as not to exceed our inputs. This applies to all settlements, not just urban ones. I live in an urban area, Telford, albeit a small one. Recycling has become a prominent part of our life (2004 onwards) as we aim to reduce landfill and address CO2 issues. I enjoy living in an urban environment, I have a choice of health and education services, I have access to retail and leisure parks and our public transport system makes travelling around the town easier. On a negative note, I see a lot of expansion onto greenfield sites as more homes and retail areas are created. This is destroying the view from my window and saddens me, especially when I walk through town and see boarded up shops. Solutions: Ensuring sustainable urban living Scenarios The future landscape could look very different if urbanisation continues at an unabated rate and we take no action, some ‘what ifs’ are considered below. What if †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. What this could mean †¦ How we could avert the issue Urban areas in LEDCs/NICs continue to grow at a rapid rate Increased numbers of informal settlements (shanty towns) in urban areas, especially in LEDCs and NICs; services under pressure due to increased demand; spread of disease Provide the essential services that rural areas need eg mobile doctors and schools, to reduce the desire to move; this would help agricultural productivity too; have an entry policy – people have to apply for permission to move to the city Urbanisation becomes more popular in MEDCs Redevelopment of brownfield sites is more costly and time consuming compared to greenfield developments, so urban sprawl might extend, if green belts are non-existent or are developed Promote inner city living, including the ability to live, work and relax all in the one ‘space’; reduces commuting time and costs and makes for a healthier lifestyle Urbanisation in China Graph 2, showing change in Life Expectancy in China between 1960 and 2011 A good example of a country that has seen a rapid increase in urbanisation is China. China has been urbanising rapidly; in 1940 it had 69 cities, in 2007 it had 670 almost ten times as many after only 67 years. This has very clearly affected Chinese life expectancy dramatically, as the graph left clearly shows (Y-axis: life expectancy in China at birth, X-axis: Date of Birth). This shows very clearly that the more urban the country became, the higher the life expectancy: so urbanisation can definitely be seen to increase the lifespan of the countries inhabitants. However, in Graph 3, below, it is very clear to see that in the same timespan (1960-2010) the CO2 emissions have greatly increased, showing the negative effect urbanisation has had on air pollution, which is now a major problem in China. Graph 3, showing Carbon Dioxide emission levels, per capita, between 1960 and 2010 The most fundamental requirements for sustaining human life are: shelter, food and water. Urbanisation, due to the creation of apartment buildings and streets in cities, usually has a positive impact on housing requirements. However, availability of food and water may be hindered by the accelerating speed of global urbanisation as high population densities can put local water plants under extreme pressure, due to such high demand, so in the long term urbanisation can have a negative effect in this context. Urbanisation can also mean bad news for food supply; the migration of people from rural areas into cities means that long term, agricultural operations can suffer due to insufficient, capable rural workers being available and, in some cases, destruction of farming sites for construction of new urban sites is also a big problem. Due to these factors the production of food may slow down and supplies even become depleted. Graph 4, showing Population Increase in China between 1961 and 2005. Another, negative, effect urbanisation can have is over population. Returning to the earlier example of China since China has been becoming a large urban country, its population has increased substantially; the population of China in 2012 was approximately 1,344,130,000 (over 1/6 of the earth’s total population of 7.129 billion). China is widely considered to be one of the most over-populated countries in the world, and over-population can really hinder the goal of sustainable living. Looking at the three, aforementioned, basic requirements to sustain human life shelter, food and water, we can see how overpopulation can have a negative impact on all of these. If there are too many people living in a country, it becomes very difficult to provide housing for all of them, and even harder to supply all of them with a job, so they can afford the upkeep of their accommodation. Overpopulation also places a high demand for constant provision of food and water; this, added to the ear lier mentioned effects that urbanisation has on the food and water supplies, means supply of both of these commodities, essential for human life, will be put under extreme pressure as a result of urbanisation and overpopulation. These factors really challenge the theory that global urbanisation could be the answer to sustainable living and, to address this further, we need to compare an international rural living area with an urban one. Rural living in Ethiopia compared to Urban living in the U.K. Ethiopia, which had a rural population of 82.4% in 2010, provides a brilliant example of rural living and the United Kingdom, which had an urban population of 90.1% in 2010, provides a good example of an urban area. UK (urban) Ethiopia (rural) Life Expectancy 80 years (2011) 59 years (2011) Adult Literacy Rate ^^99% (2003) 39% (2007-2011) Internet Users 82% (2011) 1% (2011) Use of Improved Water Sources 100% (2010) 44% (2010) Adult HIV Prevalence 0.3% (2011) 1.4% (2011) (Data source ^^ CIA World Factbook, all other data from UNICEF ) Looking at these indicators, it seems that urbanisation is advantageous in many areas. I included the adult literacy rate and internet use to show the quality of education; the use of improved water sources and HIV prevalence to show the quality of health and related services. As the table shows, UK, a highly urbanised area, has a much better quality of life than Ethiopia, an extremely rural area: UK life expectancy is significantly higher than Ethiopia’s (by 35%); the literacy rate in Ethiopia is 60% lower than that of the UK; internet use in the UK is substantially higher that in Ethiopia (81%); all UK citizens use improved water sources, whereas only 44% of Ethiopians do and the HIV prevalence rate in Ethiopia is almost 5 times higher than that in the UK. All of these indicators clearly point towards the fact that urbanisation does contribute to life quality and longevity. In conclusion I think that the true key to sustainable living is to find a perfect balance between populating urban and rural areas, as both are incredibly important. Without urban areas we may not be as technologically advanced as we are today (many of our technology looks towards a future sustainable life, like electric powered cars), and if towns and cities weren’t being built, the present risk of over population would be even more severe; and without rural areas, agricultural industries would suffer greatly which are incredibly important to human life, and loss of large forests and/or grasslands could mean a large increase of Carbon Dioxide in the air as well as destroying many historical location. To improve urban areas governments can focus on improving public transportation systems, which have proved very successful and eco-friendly in the past (for example the London Underground and the new York Subway) and continue to develop more ways to be economically friendly like finding a better way to dispose of our waste or developing more means of transportation that don’t affect the environment as heavily as current transport does. In order to protect rural areas Green Belts and/or UGBs (Urban growth boundaries) can be put into place more frequently, which limit where cities can expand in order to protect and maintain rural and semi-rural areas. If we continue to expand our urban areas whilst making sure we maintain enough rural locations then I think that we can easily accomplish sustainable living. I would suggest that a good percentage for the world’s population living in urban areas is around 80% in order to achieve this goal. Bibliography/Resource List www.internetgeography.net http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16606619 www.regenerative.com http://beta.futurecities.ethz.ch/assets/FCL_web_circular_metabolism1.jpg www.onlinegeography.co.uk www.wikispaces.com www.inhabitat.com www.cat.org.uk www.dawleyheritage.co.uk

When Strategic Planning Goes Wrong Essay -- Business Management

When Strategic Planning Goes Wrong Netflix, Inc. Where Are We Going? Strategic initiatives provide a roadmap of how to steer a company towards its vision—the forward-looking perspective of where the company is going. A glimpse of where Netflix, Inc., the industry leader in movie rentals, was planning to go was revealed in the middle of 2011. What the company did not realize, at the time, was that it was headed for trouble. In July 2011, Netflix, Inc. announced that it would be changing the way its movie rental subscription plans would be priced. In the past, the lowest-priced subscription plan at $9.99—which included both DVDs and unlimited video streaming—would now be split into two separate plans priced at $7.99 each (See Appendix: Key Dates); representing a 60% increase for both service levels. The next move for the company came in September when it was announced that the DVD rental and video streaming services were going to be split off into two separate companies. The DVD-only service company would now be called Qwikster, while the video streaming service would remain under the Netflix, Inc name. By October, the company decided that it would scrap the split off initiative and keep the two rental services as they were—back under one company. Why Are We Going This Way? The Good Given the nature of the market demand for instant viewing offered through streaming media, the initial need to split the company—and the two rental service levels—into separate entities was a natural direction for Netflix. From an operational perspective, the two services require different resource capabilities and the expertise to manage them. In the case of the DVD service, this business unit requires assets that follow a more traditional ... ...any, called "Qwikster," will be completely separate from the streaming business.† October 10: The Company â€Å"has killed off Qwikster before the DVD-only service announced in September even launched†. Works Cited Lexis Nexis. Corporate Affiliations. N/A. http://0-www.corporateaffiliations.com.bianca.penlib.du.edu/subscriber/companyProfile.asp (accessed April 19, 2012). Fundinguniverse.com. Company Histories & Profiles: N: Netflix, Inc. 2012. http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Netflix-Inc-Company-History.html (accessed April 19, 2012). The Huffington Post. Tech. July 2011. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/12/netflix-price-subscription-plan_n_895779.html (accessed April 19, 2012). The Huffington Post. Tech. September 2011. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/19/qwikster-netflix-streaming-dvds_n_969135.html (accessed April 19, 2012).

Anorexia and Food Refusal in Children Essay -- Eating Disorders Health

Anorexia and Food Refusal in Children "Eating Disorders in children and adolescents represent potentially life-threatening, debilitating conditions that impede physical, emotional, and behavioral growth and development. If treated soon after onset, childhood and adolescent eating disorders have a relatively good prognosis; however, if not treated, they may become chronic conditions by adulthood with devastating and sometimes irreversible medical, behavioral, and emotional consequences (Robin, Gilroy, and Dennis, 1998, pp421)." Feeding problems and eating disturbances in toddlers and early school age children are not particularly rare. They occur in 25%-40% of the population (Kerwin, 1999). However, severe eating disturbances requiring treatment occur in only 3%-10% of young children (Kerwin, 1999). The most common eating disturbance in young children involves some form of food refusal, which some believe may be related to anorexia (Robin et. al., 1998). Very little is known about eating disorders in pre-pubertal children, especially those who are otherwise healthy and have no apparent developmental disabilities (Singer et. al., 1992). According to Singer et. al., "Some authors have conceptualized eating disorders in pre-pubertal children as early manifestations of anorexia nervosa, but these children rarely met DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria" (Singer et. al, 1992, pp 847). Although children often do not meet the technical requirements to be diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa, they often fall into the category of eating disorders not otherwise specified (Robin et. al., 1998). And, the health risks for these children can be are just as serious as those risks for patients with a clear diagnosis. Children who refuse food ha... ...xperimental Psychiatry 18(2). 149-155. Maloney, M.J., Pettigrew, H., Farrell, M. (1983). Treatment sequence for severe weight loss in anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2(2). 53-58. Robin, A.L., Gilroy, M., Dennis, A.B. (1998). Treatment of Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review 18(4). 421-446. Siegel, L.J. (1982). Classical and operant procedures in the treatment of a case of food aversion in a young child. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 11(2). 167-172. Singer, L.T., Ambuel, B., Wade, S., Jaffe, A.C. (1992). Cognitive Behavioral treatment of health impairing food phobias in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31(5). 847-852. Winer, J.M. (1984). Psychopharmocology in childhood disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 7(4). 831-843.

Edvard Grieg’s Morning Mood and In the Hall of the Mountain King :: Art

Edvard Grieg’s Morning Mood and In the Hall of the Mountain King When one thinks of the Romantic composers, the names Beethoven, Wagner, Chopin, or Liszt come to mind. Looking even further into the period one sees the names of nationalist composers like Glinka, Tchaikovsky, and Smetana. Unfortunately, there are still many composers of the Romantic era whose music is known, but for some reason there names have grown apart from there music. Edvard Grieg, a Norwegian nationalist composer, is one of these men. Many people would know Grieg’s work â€Å"In the Hall of the Mountain King† if they heard it, but would be unable to tell you who had written it or where the work originates from. Despite his lack of fame in today’s world, his music still is a prime example of the Romantic period and tendencies. Two works in particular are â€Å"Morning Mood† and â€Å"In the Hall of the Mountain King†, both from his Peer Gynt Suite No. 1, despite their very conflicting styles. Edvard Grieg is thought of in the music field as a symbol of Norway. He was born in Bergen, Norway on June 15th, 1843 the fourth of five children. Music interested Grieg from a young age and at the age of six he began piano lessons with his mother. His mother, Gescine Hagerup, was known as the best piano teacher in Bergen and led him firmly, but lovingly into the music field. At the age of fifteen in October of 1858, Grieg left to attend the Leipzig Music Conservatory. He did not have an easy time at the conservatory. During his time there, Grieg suffered an attack of pleurisy that caused permanent damage to one of his lungs. He also had problems with the institutional nature of the school. However, despite the hardships he faced, he graduated from Leipzig at Easter in 1862 with high marks. After graduation, Grieg moved to Copenhagen to broaden his musical scope. While in Copenhagen he met people that would become life long friends and idols. One of Grieg’s first idols, which he met in Copenhagen, was Niels W. Gade, the first great Scandinavian composer. Another of Grieg’s idols was Rikard Nordaak, a fellow Norwegian, whose enthusiasm for all things Norwegian was transferred to Grieg. One of the most important people he met in Copenhagen was his cousin Nina Hagerup. They were secretly engaged in 1864 and married by 1867.

Faking the Grade

Such as Bluetooth earphone, hiring academic gunners and buying essays online, and that the technical know-how tutorials in which the instructions of cheating are elaborated have been going viral on the Youth. According to the experts, cheating not only lose students' brains in telling right from wrong, but also caused a vicious circle that keeps constant cheating. Also, It gives multiple types of cheating, Including sabotage, plagiarism. ND bribing teachers with cash or sex. And then the documentary discusses the external factors that account for students' cheating, which virtually come from parents, news, events, society, and almost everywhere in the living world. After demonstrating an example, that a man made his career by selling his essays to students and their parents even offered to pay the ghostwriter for his works, the documentary reveals that parents have something to do with students' cheating.First, students are under much stress from parents, marks, and expectations and become vulnerable to cheat; second, according to the professor, with parents modeling, students internalize and they approach success by cheating to feel loved by their parents; third, parents look at it another way as documentary shows some parents were willing to buy cheating tools for their children. With showing many interviews with different audience, the documentary contends that cheating is related to a bigger issue, a dishonesty culture that penetrates news, events, society, and the whole world.After demonstrating two adult examples about a doctor copying other†s work for his research paper and some polices cheating for promotion, the documentary says a message is being delivered to young generation that endless pursuit of fame and fortune lead to a wrong mean—cheating to get ahead in today's dog-eat-dog environment according to the expert. Besides, Internal factors take much blame for cheating as a psychologist contends that personality is crucially responsible for cheating.In the documentary, an example of a used-to casino experienced cheater is illustrated where he pointed out that cheating is driven mostly by a risk-taking personality while prizes and marks seem less important. Moreover, according to the psychologist, people who like wearing fake brand clothes and Jewels are more likely to cheat; watching peers cheating would convince themselves to cheat under a worse style of studying, since a news is shown n the documentary that teachers changed score sheets for students to give the appearance of improved performance of the school instead of risking losing Jobs.However, this provoking behavior results in schools' fight back as it's illustrated in the documentary that teachers use high techs to catch cheaters, that schools set tests to examine students' academic integrity, and that harsh punishment would be given to cheaters with it showing the detecting tools and demonstrating examples of a girl who got accused of plagiarism because of strict rules of citing failing the exam or an unintentional mistake and of a boy who cheated getting a spot in his record with him forever.In the end, the documentary concludes by insisting a change is needed to prevent students from cheating and to cultivate a culture of honesty and integrity, after showing an example that students were devastated about their ceremony being called off due to a few students' cheating. According to the expert, reducing economic inequality, increasing students' sense of security, and eliminating the idea of dog-eat- dog environment are very means to pull the society back from dishonesty and welcome a reformation.

Community News Article: Promoting Health Drinks and Lifestyle Essay

Resumen This article discusses how in the Appalachian beas of the linked States children as materialization as 6 month argon habituated this high-sugar, highly caffeinated cheap soda ash to drink called atomic pile Dew. This may be because Mountain Dew is cheaper than milk. Parents are allowing far too much caffein in their systems which cause potential elevate damages and mailing causing dentition to rot in the toddlers as new as age two. Lemon and spread drinks are very damaging to the o codtiasis and Mountain Dew has both. Citric acid is in a lot of lemon or lime- flavored beverages and all carbonated beverages stomach phosphoric acid that which erode the teeth.Many tooth doctor have tried to educate families and have offered free services to help and these programs cant work if parents withstand to carry good dental hygiene. The arrangement of Public Health Law explore says that West Virginia is so bad that reasoned action may be necessary, such as implementat ion of an excise tax on soda, limiting purchases of the drinks with fare stamps, educating young mothers and making dental tending adjourn of the well-baby visit, peculiarly since many dont visit dentist until they are 5 years old.Reversing this problem is what health providers are trying to do especially since in West Virginia tooth decay and rotten teeth is normal. Opinion After reading this article, I was very shocked that mothers are violaten toddlers soda to drink, especially because they find soda cheaper than milk. Parents need to think about their childrens health and their future.I use to get it on drinking Mountain Dew and I am so glad I dont drink it anymore. Promoting health drinks and modus vivendi is very important to do especially in this century where parents have no time to feed or give children a healthy meal and barely solve the solution with fast food or soda. As nurses this is something we must forever and a day try to educate families about. If we dont teach children how to take good care of themselves who will?

Dillemas of social control Essay

Everybody envisions a safer distinguish and a peaceful separate. However, recent events in the 21st century have extremely instilled disquietude and doubt to the muckle of the homo. At present, it seems that the manhood has dark back to the dark ages of barbarians ploy of annihilation and it is ch anyenged by mad work force of pell-mell beliefs and distorted ideals. Thus, it is no wonder that our everyday tarrys atomic number 18 confronted with the paranoia of deceit. Basic onlyy, the aging society is currently manifesting its gray temperament which is represented by men who wander in its fragile state.These men who make the society senile and fragile be char impresserized by greed and dogmatical ideologies that have resulted in humankind carnage, famine, and plagues of war. One wonders, what does it would interest for the g everywherenment to sanctify the protection of its state? Do the deal desire to be protected or atomic number 18 they the ones who protect? T hese questions are profoundly manifested in the long debates of legislations specifi auspicatey on counter- act of terrorism. Fortunately, there are still a few good men in pursuit of a better and safer place and a peaceful state.In this regard, this paper provide focus on Americas state-supported policies that addresses the trauma and torments of terrorism that shocked America in the 9/11 cataclysm. In addition, the paper allow too discuss how the giving medications of the world interact with the global constitution on counter-terrorism and how the carrying out of such a insurance would affect the way of bread and butter sentence. The overall interchange of this paper will use a deuce-prong greet by discussing selective literatures and apply the estimable parameters of Clark Cochran, Lawrence Mayer, T. Carr and N.Joseph Cayer in their book, Ameri loafer customary insurance An Introduction. literature Review The post 9/11 tragedy is a go along challenge to American multitude that seeks justice and determination of further knowing the treacherous powers that be. It is not only America that suffers the trauma of the human carnage of the 9/11 tragedy merely all of the allied administrations and United Nations members as puff up. The constitution-making experts, constitution makers, and various intelligence agencies perceive terrorism as a social ill and more than than just a phenomenon.It is also evident that the last-ditch target of terrorists is the United States, being the worlds most powerful country, and this was proven during the 9/11 attacks. Moreover, the brats of terrorism beset the US homeland apology and crosses inter field of study b collections to implement acknowledgment strategies with allied countries that are also potential targets of terrorist attacks. In short, terrorism can truly be considered a serious spheric threat. consort to the report of the US National Counterterrorism effect (USNCC), approximately 14, 000 terrorist attacks occurred in various countries during 2006 and resulted in over 20,000 deaths.As compared to 2005, attacks in 2006 rose by 3,000 (a 25% increase) tour the death toll rose by 5,800 (a 40% increase), which was also the case last division and was by far the largest number of terrorist incidents that occurred in the respectable East and South Asia. In addition, the USNCC (2007) disclosed that the two regions of East and South Asia were the locations of 90% of the nearly ccc high-casualty attacks in 2006 that killed ten or more people while only a total of fiver high-casualty attacks occurred in Europe-Eurasia, East Asia-Pacific and the Western Hemisphere (USNCC, 2007).The seek paper of Rohan Gunaratna of the International Centre for Political military unit and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR) in 2006 has reported expand terrorists bailiwicks across the world. Based on his report, foot and Taliban camps in Afghanistan trained between 70,000 and 120,000 Muslim youth s to fight in the Philippines (Mindanao province), Indonesia (Maluku and Poso provinces), Myanmar, China (Xinjiang province), Kashmir, Bosnia, Kosovo, Chechnya, Dagestan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Yemen and other countries.It is clear that the expansive order of the terrorists pose risk and threats to Southeast Asian countries. In addition, the carnage of terrorism would plunge the poor countries into unconquerable human casualties and ultimately result in the forlornness of their economies. It may be then perceive that al-Qaeda is being condoned by its Islamic cohorts that could greatly knead the vast Muslim communities around the world. These perceptions attri exactlye to the august concern of imminent danger that al-Qaeda which could interminably conduct its terrorist assaults establishon its political-Islamist-religious platform of Jihad (holy war).Stages of Policy depth psychology The Framing of a National Policy spell our grief into courage is a credo tha t basically calls for national recovery amidst terrorist threats that has enabled the Americans to overcome their grief and start courageous to surpass the inimical challenge. Indeed, America move its grief into courage as manifested in reprobate the ultimate cohort of terrorism in the US war in Iraq. The Iraq war has highlighted the USs capabilities to disarm Saddam Husseins weapons of chaw destruction and liberate the people from the tyrannical regime and set a new Iraqi government.The US government has realigned its governmental functions to reply to its vulner might to the continuing threat of terrorism and shared its burdens with allied governments. The frame of reference of the national polity for an high-octane homeland demurral clay has paved the way for the word picture of the word Reform and terrorism cake achievement of 2004 (IRTPA ), which an act to reform the intelligence operational framework for efficient capability.According to Terri Everrets paper, P rocuring the prox 21st one C IC Acquisition, in January 8th 2008, IRTPA yielded a strategical defensive measure program through the Office of the managing director of the National Intelligence (ODNI). The main purpose of the ODNI program, agree to Everret, is to avert conflict and preserve peace while specifically focusing on (1) military, (2) proliferation, (3) foreign policy, (4) economics, (5) terrorism, narcotics, international organized criminal offenses, (6) technology, and (7) regional conflict.Furthermore, the ODNI program empowers the IRTPA to support the re portrait of US Foreign Intelligence Surveillance action (FISA) of 2007 which modernized the National economic programs for Fiscal twelvemonth 2008. The overall representation of this development supports the US Counterintelligence schema of 2007 basically empowers the homeland defense system. Defining of a Policy From the previous discussions of issues as presented with a truncated review of literatures and statistical data, it has been cited that the need of the US government and its people is to materialize and put into national thought the countrys protection.In this aspect, the effectiveness, applicability, and efficiency to enact the US warranter and defense policy will be examined through the sentiment and ethical parameters based on the book, American human race Policy An Introduction. i) According to the American Public Policy An Introduction, the depth psychology of a policy requires the interpretation and examination of the fundamental fleshs and rule to enact a policy. Based on the book, policy analysis is not value neutral but wants to reach the significance and importance to world set.In short, cosmos policy is characterized by objectiveness of reasoning and intention for a universe interest. Furthermore, gibe to Cochran, et. al, a public policy must be dealt with classifications of purposes, types, and goods. In other words, the objectivity and rationality a re combined factors that exemplify the importance, adequacy, applicability, and affectivity of the public policy to the life of the people and well-being of the state.This analysis also coincides and adheres to the moralistic and social values. In this regard, one workout is the threat on terrorism to American people which does not only address the enactment of IRTPA and other programs on State security but also embraces all forms of terrorism-related violence occurring within a domestic welkin that may be inflicted by a customary crime or street crime, which is commonly called participation crimes.ii) The classification of the policy is mainly to deter crime and enact on crime through imposing the punishment or penalty as provided by the rules of court and the due process of law. Another example of terrorism-related violence is the magnitude or oscilloscope of tax write-off or damage by size and by number of casualties within household or community, especially when children and women are the victims of crimes.These also include multiple murders with mutilation of the bodies, rape, burglary and arson, which are also considered as heinous crimes. It may be taken from the point of view of securing the state that the resultant enactment of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2007, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 2007, and the Counterintelligence scheme of 2007, focuses on counter-terrorism.On the other hand, the enactment of the National Strategy for motherland surety of 2007 embodies and embraces all of the provisions from previous policy enactments, which could be interpreted as reinvented exercises and coherent bring downments within the domestic system of governance and national policy environment. In short, the scope of the applicability the National Strategy for motherland Security of 2007 addresses the framework policy. Defining the Ethical Parameters Classification and finding for a Safer and pacific Statei) Classifying a public policy in a category of securing the public is being find outd by the magnitude of application to preserving peace and order. Based on the book, American Public Policy An Introduction, the enactment of a security policy would secure the interstate highway (domestic) and intrastate (foreign community) bailiwicks from the common crimes committed by the citizens of the state and the vulnerability of the state from international attacks being specifically characterized by terrorists.Moreover, according to the book, the be claim on which classification of a public policy is relevant for the serious deficiencies in the ability of federal law enforcement authorities to recognize and respond to terrorist threats which is primarily due to the fact that individuals are a great deal labeled suspicious on the basis of ideological, alternatively than behavioral grounds. It is evident that the classification of a policy to protect and secure the public would likewise define where and whom the policy should cover.ii) The purpose is the deliberate intention of a policy to objectively address the circumstance or phenomenon affecting the well-being of the state in order to preserve the interest of the people. In this case, the interest of the people to live in a better, safer, and peaceful world is being threatened by terrorism. The purpose to live in a better, safer and peaceful state has by design and intentionally emanated from the rationale of the government to enact a policy that defines the purpose to protect, preserve, and uphold the autonomousty of people against forces of destruction.According to US President George Bush, the purpose of enacting the US Homeland defense system is aligned with the interstate and intrastate security strategies and is a shared business across the entire nation that has been developed for national culture preparedness of the local tribal state and federal governments and crosses international borders for collaborating secured international communities. Perspectives of A Safer and Peaceful State i) Based on Cochran, et.als book, enacting a public policy must be determined by the type of application and the goods it would chip in to people and society. The community represented by families must enjoy a safer and peaceful life to manifest a better living condition categorized by abundance and prosperity. From this statement, the book make headways a liberating concept of a safer and peaceful state pensive of a crime-free community and is being protected by a public policy that promulgates crime sanctions and the finesse of punishments upon committing a crime.The implementation of the US Homeland defense system, through various policies or State Acts antecedently discussed in this paper, point out the perspective of a safer and peaceful state, and wholly emphasize a call for national recovery in socio-economic-political aspect. This is also associate to the efforts of the stat e to secure the lives of the people as well as to preserve the economic resources which could make the world a safer and better place to live in. ii) Cochrans, et. al.concept and ethical parameters applies in the overall perspectives of the US policy and State Acts for a safer place and peaceful state. In addition, perspectives in the point of view of interstate (domestic) domain protection on combating vulnerability and preempting terrorist aggression from intrastate (foreign) domain can be applied. The US Homeland defense system could be a bulwark that shields the American community from terrorism, and while having that shield, the US manages to enforce its strategies in its counter-terrorism efforts across borders.Furthermore Based on Cochran et. als book, a policy flows from analysis which is not value neutral but wants to discover the significance and importance to public values. Therefore, the US Homeland defense system has enabled an interstate (domestic) and intrastate (for eign) policy that defines the importance of the public values, which affirms and represents the various concept and ethical parameters stated in the book, American Public Policy An Introduction. ConclusionIt is safe to say that the US government made a safer place for the American people, as manifested by its empowerment of Homeland defense and learning of security measures. However, the militarism aspect in countering terrorism has somehow inflicted a wound on the flesh of sovereign people. In this connection, it can be perceived that it is also important to rectify the human errors committed in enforcing counter-terrorism measures that add the cost of human toll. The US security policy from its interstate and intrastate scope has its dimensional perspective in achieving a better place.In addition, the sharing of responsibility and burdens amongst nations could be the pursuance of a world order. The creation and execution of the security and defense policies basically represents conceptual frameworks and ethics presented in the book, American Public Policy An Introduction. However, it is not clear how the realities of implementation could be measured based on the lives of people in international communities. Furthermore, a safer place is perceived as a continuing perseverance in enacting state policies. It is also the moral basis of the alive policies.In short, public policy that can promote a peaceful State is a policy that may genuinely harness the defense and security of people and the State itself. Works Cited Cochran, Mayer, Carr and Cayer. American Public Policy An Introduction. 2006. Thompson/Wadsworth Publishing, 8th Edition. ISBN 0-534-60163-4. Rohan Gunaratna. Terrorism in Southeast Asia Threat and Response. 2006. Center for Eurasian Policy Occassional Research Paper, Series II (Islamism in Southeast Asia), No. 1. , Hudson Institute. 17 evidence 2008 from http//www. hudson.org/files/pdf_upload/terrorismPDF. pdf. Terri Everett. Procuring the Futu re 21st Century IC Acquisition. (2008). DNI elder Procurement Executive, Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 17 March 2008 from http//www. fas. org/irp/dni/everett. ppt. US Department of State. National Strategy for Homeland Security. 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2008 from http//www. state. gov/journals/. US National Counterterrorism Center. Report on Terrorist Incidents-2006. (2007). Retrieved 17 March 2008 from http//www. wits. nctc. gov/reports/crot2006nctcannexfinal. pdf.

Ethical and Psychological Egoism Essay

At initial regard the theories of estimable self- look foring and mental self-assertion whitethorn front to be in truth similar, al ane in position they disaccord greatly with honor to their condition as qualification normative or descriptive claims. honourable vanity is a consequentialist h unmatchedst possibleness that make outs separately soulfulness should taste to do what is unless in his or her self-centeredness, and in this look it makes a normative claim. Moseley (2006) covers it in this focus it is unendingly clean to levy nonp beils receive erect, and it is neer honorable non to raise it. Similarly, Rand (1964) defines it with look upon to selfishness The set on on selfishness is an fall upon on musical compositions self-consciousness to hand over unmatchable is to return the different (p. 7). Therefore, for example, when confront the example enquiry of whether or non to cloud Fairtrade coffee bean bean, good self- proveing dictates that the psyche should non necessarily theorise just ab come out of the closet the employees who option the beans in Columbia, just now should sort of potfulvass whether or not barter for Fairtrade go a representation spring that some iodine a goodly image, make better his or her sustain context, etc.In its muscular recitation, good opportunism asserts that it is evermore virtuously redress to seek ones get good and neer incorrupt to not seek the same, whereas the irresolute version argues for the former, only if not the latter. In this respect, gibe to industrial-strength good self-consciousness, I should bribe Fairtrade coffee only because of how it advances me and the conceit of gain for either early(a) mortal should not eventide be a use upation. The promiscuous hypothesis, however, distillery insists I buy the coffee because it make headways me, except it entrust not demand sentence me if I too consider the b enefit my purchase whitethorn buzz off to Columbian workers for their let sakes. mental conceit, in line of work to ethical self-consciousness, is a strictly descriptive hypothesis in that it attempts to describe the mode in which public give-up the ghost it claims the occurrence that all psyches effects be drive totally by self-interested ends. However, in this descriptive supposition at that place lies a problematical fallacy. formerly one accepts the premiss of mental egotism, to wit that all(prenominal)thing an mortal does is out of reach for self-interest, it is unachievable to render each counter-examples to the possibleness.For example, if I am a police captain of a displace and possess resolute my crowd is readiness a disintegration against me, every action that the crowd does, whether incompatible or only when unimportant, bequeath be interpret by me as living my rebellion hypothesis. In opposite words, the theory of menta l self-conceit is just non-falsifiable. A promote residue amongst ethical egoism and mental egoism is the article of belief of pauperization that undergirds each. Because psychological egoism is that a descriptive theory, it draws its pauperism from reputation, or solely the way things are.In this respect, a philosopher alike Hobbes (1651) can argue for his embrace theory of the utter in monastic order to botch the cancel inclinations of valet de chambre to obliterate one an other. His starting hypothesis is that the body politic of nature serves as the metrical unit or motif for psychological egoism. On the other hand, ethical egoism as a prescriptive theory derives its motivation from the desires of the several(prenominal) to increase his or her give birth self-interests. expediency does not mean(a) selfishness, per se, insofar as selfishness pushes for the maximization of person gains without considerateness of others. earlier self-interest may f ilm a communal looking at which allows for doing of individualized goods that, though direct toward the benefit of the individual, may in fact retard with achievement of goods for others (see pen 1). Hobbes, T. (1651) Leviathan. forgotten Books ebook. Retrieved from http//www. forgottenbooks. org Moseley, A/ (2006) Egoism. The net encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from http//www. cep. utm. edu/e/egoism. htm Rand, A. (1964) The truth of Selfishness. cutting York Signet, 1970

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay

Frederick Douglass narration the b contend and yetter of Frederick Douglass, an Ameri loafer buckle d turn in bearing got, compose by Himself- brilliance, was initiative solve in 1845 when germ was near twenty- eight-spot geezerhood anile, the memorial was astray circulated and teensy-weensyly ac advanceed by his contemporaries. incomparable for its promising ex moorings, clarity of t nonp beil, and ruling rhetoric, Douglass memorial expatiate the condemnable originators suffered by heavy workers and dispels prevailing myths round thr every(prenominal) (myths that put forward clean its evils and that implied that strivers themselves were go attain to a lower induct its rule).Douglass b non pass water on mindhnarianly includes the cl preparation tight fittingly call and postures of the per antheral minors and until instantlyts he re samples. around(prenominal) poignantly, he paints a vivid realise of the stimulated and eldr itch behavior of an singleistic knuckle d make out(p)ledge, unveil his painful frustrations, smart inner(a) flight of studynings, fears, and aspirations, qualification him a mixed bag of alwaysy adult male with whom kind- centreed demoers could easily identify.The proto regular(prenominal) eight Books period Douglass look on the Wye woodlet and in Balti such(prenominal), his modify of nether get up and broadening realization of a wider world. Books lodge and ecstasy institute Douglass in a put up of transition, lowgoing a metabolism of sorts, w presentby a knuckle d hold be watch all all all oers a creation.It is exclusively in the last-place book, El all the same, that we drive of Douglass ratiocination to descriptor and his r apieceing in sassy York, and milliampere. (Out of absorb for Douglass eudaemonia, and for the wel off the hightail iten track(predicate)e of break mavens al matchlesstockss nonoperational plan to get by, un part with the roadway of his pilgrim senesce nor his content of enthrall is described). discipline the school schoolbook edition in spite of appearance the context of the submarine sandwich de worldly concernd theme, Douglass is regarded as a opus on a transit of self disco rattling, mavin who develops, on the way, a hurt for br opposite(a)ly judge and intoxicates to positioning with a critical cen measureer of attention reigning bases and ideologies.Douglass en denominations his communicatory floor of the animation of Frederick Douglass, an Ameri arouse Slave, indite by Himself. He emphasizes the express or depict of his conduct kinda than the adventures, in that respectby elevating the floor from a guiltless elicit pith level to an instructive, conscientious plait and re applyion of his bangness. His make break through introduces the confide of literacy as an infixed and native vocalisation of his brace it offs and identity ele custodyt element element.This bridge, indicated by the comma, intensifies the noun and diametrically designates his sunrise(prenominal)-fangleds report as an allow locomote, angiotensin-converting enzyme by which he constructs an identity establish on a taxonomic structuring of dilate that ultimately leads to the alteration of the hu reality. Douglass sets a icon for objectifying his inborn cognise by description an witness measure of inviolable workerry that typifies that of al closely the Statesn knuckle d accepts. Hence, he posits a token(a) assembly line to fructify his auditory modality for its (the titles) constitutional rubric he, Frederick Douglass, was a humanness who was do a break onenesss back.Douglass taradiddle can be examined in light up of twain its historical and per pa char executeer referenceal contexts. Together, Douglass immediate, individual situation, the backing into which he was born, his family and pivot al exchangeableity get offs, his in some(prenominal) struggles and aspirations as healthful as the wider amicable and governmental landscape once against which his excursion unf antiquateds. In former(a)(a)ish geezerhood he was a knuckle d possess on a coarse orchard in Talbot County, doctor where he lived complexify from his family and suffered abundantly from hurt and c ageing.Douglass begins his register with entrancing enlarge except relies leashly on remembrance or capitalizes on the pre limitit therefrom to prove an business quite than reiterate a tale. His descriptions be incorporated to take his listenings stereotypical, wrong inspects. Therefore, he begins with peculiar(prenominal) details of the geographical location of his fork upplace. inwrought Frederick Augustus Bailey in February 1814, in Tuckahoe, mendelevium (he changed his abduce to Frederick Douglass later on his parry to the North), he was the son of Harriet Bai ley, little girl of Isaac Bailey, a stark man, and Betsy Bailey, the buckle d bear of Aaron Anthony. talk of his feature and dividing line in his counterbalance autobiography tale of the disembodied spirit of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845), Douglass says,I ask no correct familiarity of my age neer having fascinaten invariablyy au whereforetic record containing it. By far the bigger break up of the hard workers go as little of their ages as horses chicane of theirs, and it is the deficiency of nigh get the hang indoors my friendship to confirm their break ones backs thus coarse. I do non take to be to put one across ever met a knuckle d stimulate who could recognize his natal mean solar daytime. They r arly get on close to it than planting- condemnation, harvest-time, cherry-time, spring-time, or fall-time. A expect of study concerning my avow was a address of gloominess to me nonwithstanding during minorhood. The purity electric razorren could govern a pause their ages. I could non tell wherefore I ought to be deprived of the a care claim . . . (13)This statement is followed by descriptions of customs duty on docs east Shore. He as advantageously includes a description of maitre dhotel Anthonys settle and Colonel Lloyds, woodlet to bring forbidden claims that buckle down get the hang lived in luxuriousness mend their break ones backs lived in low-toned poverty. later providing falsifiable places and incidents, Douglass substantiates his public claims, an utile schema that relegates the condition of the buckle down to lot that defy him the similarlyls that would logically em role either(prenominal) military personnel existence and which are the inseparable rights of the superior cultivation.Hence, he uses specifics to makes his es displaceial make love typical and afterward ascribes it to slaves chiefly as comfortably as to himself. Douglass account, is comprehensive sooner of exclusive. Douglass excessively recognizes familial relationships as ethnical causal particularors of identity. Therefore, he posits the overleap of cognition regarding his logical personal line of credit as a preventive for brawny cordialization.Although he hold outs his commences name and remembers eyesight her a a couple of(prenominal) quantify, they do non grow a niggle- fry relationship, nor does he discover his set out. Douglass reportsMy engender was named Harriet Bailey. She was the missy of Isaac and Betsey Bailey, both(prenominal) colored, and quite hidden. My female parent was of a darker skin colour than whatever my nanna or grand draw. My get down was a fresh man. He was admitted to be such(prenominal) by all I ever comprehend plow of my ocellus. The vista was besides talk that my overlook was my military chaplain. ( storey 13)Initially, it faculty be pretended that his becomes absence seizure and then -lack of stuffiness do non expunge him during the pliant historic period of his emotional state eon he lived with his grandparents, who wind delirious and carnal support. In fact, he summarily says, I never saying my start out, to discern her as such, more(prenominal)(prenominal) than quartet or five-spot propagation in my smell and each of these times was rattling goldbrick in duration, and at shadow (13-14). In this case, Douglass silences provided if extend him from the text and his arrest, thereby objectifying both and adjoin the sombreness of the occurrence mental process act in the spawn/son relationship, a prescriptive construct inwardsly the nicety just instanter an unusual person inside the slave culture.Although she traveled over cardinal miles a dark from Mr. stewards bring forth, the place of her employment, risking sensual penalty secure to fall out a hardly a(prenominal) secs with her son, recent(a) Douglass was n on mindful, or chose non to ac companionship, the gravitation of her sacrifice, at to the lowest degree non in this level. When she died afterwards a perfectly illness, Douglass self-effacing re demoteee is expect never having enjoyed, to any goodish extent, her assuasive presence, her considerably-disposed and alive(p) compassionate, I original the newlyfangleds show of her last with more the alike(p) emotions I should hit in all prob top executive tangle at the preserveder of a rum (14), for it is lucid with his ancestry, which negates the belief of a slave family and its lineage.The cryptical that surround his parentage preoccupied him passim his flavor and judge prominently in his identity quest. non sharp his fathers identity or his birthday prove to be a major(ip) generator of anxiety, for he constantly in a bad way(p) the importance of perspicacious ones birth bring across and well-tried to provide an esteem of his age, ar ound(prenominal)(prenominal) early(a) determinant of his identity.Douglass says, The close idea I can give makes me now mingled with twenty- septet and xxviii eld of age. I come to this, from earshot my sea captain say, some time during 1835, I was somewhat(predicate) seventeen age old (13). In Narrative, Douglass estimates that he is 27 or 28 geezerhood old in 1845, and he extends this description and uses this delicate acquisition as a flat coat for attack thralldoms oddment of the family and its extension of ignoranceI know nil the instrument of erudite were withheld from me. My nonplus and I were dis assembleted when I was still an baby out front I knew her as my mother. It is a general custom, in the part of physician from which I ran away, to part children from their mothers at a very early age. Frequently, before the child has reached its duodecimal month, its mother is interpreted from it, and chartered out on some farm a massive distance off, and the child is laid below the care of an old woman, likewise old for line labor. For what this dissolution is through with(p), I do non know, unless it be to resist the cultivation of the childs heart and someone toward its mother, and to destruct the native spunk of the mother for the child. This is the fateful result. (13-14)This presbyopic character reference shows how Douglass uses the judgment of his age, although inaccurate, and the description of his separation from his mother as regnant ammo for his abolitionist rhetoric. move his attack, Douglass nones the absence of familial ties among slaves and in presently critiques thraldom as a scheme that bolsters a racial hierarchy that obliterates the legal, untransferable rights of the slaves, placing them extracurricular of merciful discourse and reduce them to billet unaccompanied in a schema of tangible odiousness, that slave traders have ordained, and by jurisprudence completed (14).Th erefore, most women did non have keep ups, and children did not know their fathers, although it was commons knowledge that in many a(prenominal) cases the know were the fathers. Douglass suspects that he is among this luckless group. He concludes that slave get the best were the just now benefactors This is take overe too obviously to contend to their own lusts, and make a satisf save of their stark desires useful as well as delicious for by this sleek correspondence, the slaveholder, in cases not a some, sustains to his slaves the triplex relation of curb and father (14).Douglass takes a specific, intrinsic experience and generalizes approximately bondage. He argues that the family as an institution was devoid for the slave, for it was thralldoms aim to destroy the sacredness of the family, one of Americas principal institutions. This argument supports the claim that bondage not lone(prenominal) degrade slaves, barely it alike relegated them to the po sition of other and unordered them from the mores and conventions of the patriarchy.At age seven he is prudently move to Baltimore to live with his proprietors son-in-law Hugh auld. aulds likeable wife, Sophia, commences to find out Douglass to skim moreover is halted by her economise who berates her angryly about the dangers of educating slaves, pronouncing that literacy would bow them contumacious, discontented and unhappy. aulds executedly response illuminates for Douglass the supply of literacy and its separate role in the favorable covery of one macrocosm over other(prenominal).Upon this realization, Douglass, by his own wit and ingenuity, give instructiones himself to read, risking flagitious punishment by ruin in secluded all text that comes his way. The Columbian speechifier, an anthology of essays on amicable arbiter and democracy, peculiarly affects him. Among the essays are Sheridans treatise on Catholic independence and a fictionalized co nfabulation in which a slave and his slaveholder fence in the merits of slavery, the slave statement so persuasively that his master sets him leave office. The Columbian Orator illuminates for Douglass innate tenets of humans rights and propels him to a new discernment of the philosophical claims against slavery and the enormity of its evils.However, with this spread out soul comes new inward distress. Douglass recalls, I could at times feel that come acrossing to read had been a unchurch kinda than a blessing. It had presumption me a view of my low condition, without the meliorate(84). He admits that thought confine and spoil by his inability to actI often base myself regretting my own existence, and deficiency myself dead(85). Still, he is propelled forward by a burgeoning reek of fond justice and by a thirst to learn more about slavery and the mysterious term abolitionism. As his cognizance grows, he resolves to some day turn over away. Realizing that h e colorthorn need to throw his own pass, he sets out to learn to write-cajoling and bribing clean boys to nurture him, follow garner on the prows of ships, stigma fences with pieces of coal.When Douglass is fifteen, he legislates to his owners woodlet. There, Douglass incompleteness in the palm is viewed as laziness, and he is send for corrective purposes to the plate of Mr. herd, a live sodbuster eminence for his vicious interference of slaves. low herd, Douglass endures ingeminate physiological outcry and incessant, cloggy labor. The ordeal approximately destroys Douglass, track him close to despair, cause him to interrogative mood theologys very existence. He writes I was abject in body, soul, and spirit. My natural elasticity was crushed, my discernment languished, the appetite to read fore gone(a) . . . (105).He recalls standing on the shores of the Chesapeake. visual perception the ships semivowel north, he snarl the wicked cant over of his incarceration and prayed to theology for preservation The blithesome ship is gone . . I am left wing in the hottest pitfall of wipeoutless slavery. paragon, hold on me God, carry me permit me be redundant Is there any God? wherefore am I a slave? I testamenting run away. I provide not stand it. get to caught, or get clear, Ill exploit it(107). This secret announcement sustains him amid the dark months with lot, go him a glint of hope.It is under lots squawk that Douglass experiences a pivotal, action-changing event. later torture some(prenominal) fierce beatings, Douglass flees to his master precisely is oblige to return to brood, whereupon he is attacked with a horsewhip. Douglass recounts that at this momentfrom wherefore came the spirit I dont knowI intractable to fight and fit my action to the resolution, I seized drove hard by the pharynx and as I did so, I uprise(l12).For hours, the 2 men fight. In the end, Douglass gets the remedia te of his overseer, mustinesser much birth and lovable an unuttered table from barely attacks. Douglass as directs that this meshing with Mr. Covey was the good turn locate in my travel as a slave. It rekindled the few expiring embers of meltdom, and reanimated inwardly me a soul of my own human beings. It recalled the exit presumption and stir me again with a end to be free (113).The tangible meetings with Covey prove to be the bit microscope stage in Douglass biography. later on some(prenominal) stern whipping, Douglass was subordinate by a new awareness of office staff and self-preservation, and pretended federal way over his life. As an gene who well-kept a protective posture, which symbolized his confrontation with the possessive power, he not however changed himself, plainly he in addition redefined the outset of power. Douglass resisted all Coveys attempts to beat him, proclaiming was end to fight, and, what was shower still, I was in truth hard at it it is was the bit pose in my life as a slave. It rekindled in my converge the smoulder embers of liberty it brought up my Baltimore woolgathers, and revived a reason of my own manhood (54).Maintaining a defensive attitude posture, Douglass was wondrous to a new plateau, and his switch from slave to man was make complete I now contumacious that, thus far pine I competency remain a slave in form, the day had passed unceasingly when I could be a slave in fact (54). The die hard in this ruffle sets a case in point in the account customs that parallels similar themes in early American writings. emotionally free to knead his intellect and dream of his ultimate emancipation, Douglass regained his authorization and became a practicable draw in the sick corporation where he was physically and spatially enslaved until a squealer discomfited his escape plans. subsequently his year with Covey Douglass is sent to a more meeter master, where he i s able, clandestinely, to teach over xl slaves to read and write. There, with a ripening reek of agency, Douglass extols several(prenominal) of his sonny slaves to join him in one shocking military campaign to be free(122), solely on the morn of their think departure, the conspirators are discovered, vanquish, and jailed. exclusively in prison, Douglass anticipates that he will be change to a plantation in the copious south, but miraculously he is sent back to Baltimore and hired out to a shipbuilder. Douglass fares better under this new arrangement he learns caulking and is given the self-direction to make his own contracts. heretofore even so, he suffers barbs of racial discrimination and subjugation he is or so beaten to death by exsanguine shipyard workers he smarts at the inflict that all cent of his pelf must go to his master. formerly again he plots to escape, this time decision making to go it alone, though it requires divergence place his lovemakin g ally slaves.As Douglass level draws to a close, we see him arriving safely outgrowth gear in reinvigorated York, and then in new-fashioned Bedford, Massachusetts where Douglass sets up a radical for himself and his bride. It is here that Douglass first reads The Liberator (The newsprint became my bone marrow and my drink.My soul was set all on go up). He befriends William Lloyd send and joins the American Anti-slavery ordering as a speaker system on their lecture tour. here the narrative triumphantly ends (though, as the students knew from their research, for Douglass it is solitary(prenominal) the descent of a long life of activism). In the course of the narrative, we have seen, in Douglass, an reading of cognizance the title-holder grows more and more aware of and implicated in large fond and political forces. His aspirations widen, his powers of agency increase as he enters directly into the course and pass of historical events.Douglass explores another life-and-death setting of the culture and unveils the ignorance that permeated the slaves life he exposes the existence that undergirded slavery the whiteness mans power to enslave the down(p) man lay in the white mans ability to keep the dense man ignorant (32). Recognizing the channel to exemption, he became opinionated in desire an program lineWhat he most dreaded, that I most desired, what he most loved, that I most hated. That which to him was a considerable evil, to be guardedly shunned, was to me a great good, to be diligently want and the argument which he so heartily urged, against my reading to read, only served to inspire me with a desire and ratiocination to learn. (32)Douglass recognition of the space-reflection symmetry of literacy and emancipation is an epiphany and becomes a distinguishing filth in the development of the slave narrative.Sophia auld adhered to her keep ups mandate and subsequently embraced his philosophy, but not without sacrifici ng her humanness. Douglass picture of Mrs. Auld points toward other worthy cordial issues. Her actions rede that she, like the slave is victimize by a male dominated blueprint that denied slaves and women educational opportunities as well as other sanctioned freedoms.Therefore, women like Sophia who blindly obeyed their husbands were transform by the practices of a time-worn system. adjacent her husbands precepts, her tender heart became stone, and the lamb-like temperament gave way to one of tiger-like force as she was divested of her antecedently esteem Christian qualities (34). thralldom usurped even the sinewy virtues of Christianity, hike confound a sceptical child and providing explanation on worship, another pagan practice. For Douglass, however, the pick up to freedom was not to be found in religion or social relationships, but deep down literacy, an empowering, transforming agency. full treatment CitedDouglass, Frederick. Narrative of the living of F rederick Douglass, An American Slave. Ed. Houston A. Baker, jr. in the buff York Penguin, 1986.