Leadership assessment 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership assessment 4 - Essay Example As the name of the business suggests, our Unique Selling Point is competitive pricing where we try to offer products to our customers at lowest possible rates. Retaining this price advantage in the long run is unfeasible as operating costs have to be maintained at the lowest level at all times. Expansion has increased the operating costs which renders the business unprofitable with the current low profit margin. Also competing on price is unhealthy as we remain vulnerable to new entrants that can offer better prices and customer service. Hence, as the CEO of Cheap as Chips, I will raise the current profit margin by 10% and provide extra to the customers in terms of utility and customer care through investing in our human resource capital. This will also help us to improve our reputation in the competitive market as customers are not just looking for a place to buy products of their need but a complete shopping experience where convenience and long term customer relationships is the w inning factor. In order to elevate our image, we will move from being price-centric to being customer centric. The first step towards customer satisfaction is a staff force that is ever ready to assist the customer, anticipate their problems beforehand and come up with solutions in minimum time. Performance criteria will be developed for each job description so that every employee knows what is expected of him. Performance appraisals will be done monthly in the beginning, especially for the sales force as they are the company’s face for the customers. For the sales staff, performance will not only be judged by the sales made in a department but also the ability of the salesperson to maintain favorable customer relationships. Any gap between threshold performance and current performance of personnel will be filled by training sessions which will be an on-going

Environmental Law, Air Pollution Permits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Law, Air Pollution Permits - Essay Example Whenever a directive relating to emission principles or other requirements is adopted, it provides for the compliance with standards no later than the specified date (Theodore, 2008). Cap and trade is an ecological policy tool that delivers results with an obligatory cap on emissions while providing flexibility on how they comply. Successful cap and trade programs reward efficiency, innovation and environmental responsibility without infringing on economic growth. Examples of cap and trade programs consist of the acid rain program and the budget training program. This program is also known as emissions trading. These two programs differ in several ways. They include, the cap and trade program involves the purchasing of emission credits while the bubble program entails the controlled emissions with breaking any of the agreements incurs heavy fines. The use of emission trading has enhanced the achievement of environmental goals. Some skeptics have suggested that emissions’ trading has become an avenue for evading environmental requirements, while the bubble program enhances the achievement of environmental goals (Schaltegger, 2010). A stationary source is the basis that discharges more amounts of pollutants other than those defined by the Environmental Agency that protects the environment. This organization is in charge of regulating and monitoring of pollution. New Source Performance Standards define the amount of pollutants allowed by certain sources. A stationary source of air pollution is any fixed emitter of air pollutants. They include power plants, petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants (Reitze, 2005). Mobile source air pollution is any form of air pollution emitted by equipment that can be moved from one location to another. They include motor vehicles, airplanes, locomotives and other engine driven machines. Most of these pollutants contribute to environmental degradation and have a harmful

Age Of Enlightenment Classicism Versus Romanticism English Literature Essay

Age Of Enlightenment Classicism Versus Romanticism English Literature Essay The age of enlightenment classicism which ran from 17th to 18th century had the following values: In classicism, both nature and human nature are governed by reason simply because reason is valued over mere imaginations. People are basically good and with freedom, they are capable of making a perfect society that not only guarantees freedom but also values social over individual or personal. Things are done in collection as a society and not at an individual basis. In terms of day to day life, everything is done in order, balance and harmony with a tradition consideration. Classicism actually influenced classical period in classical music. Talking of classicism, we have a period called romanticism. This period follows classicism and it is thought as a rebellious to socio-cultural and aesthetics mode of conduct that was being practiced by then. Idealization and rationality are highly rejected with valuing of emotions and intuition over reason. Things are done in emotions and prefer the senses over the intellect. Here, personal or individual is valued over the society. The beauty as well as mystery of nature is greatly appreciated. Therefore, the focus is on the human nature taking into considerations the personality, the moods, passions as well as inner struggles. This period influenced romantic period in classical music. Starting with aesthetic/theatrical issue, I will consider music. Music of the classical period was characterized by the following features. The music sounded light with clear textures to the ears and this was a major factor that kept people listening to the classical and neoclassical hymns. The music was composed of short melodies with clear cut pleasures. The rhymes and the structure of the music always kept attention to the balance, order and proportion as well as the importance of the structure. Sonata form development was also greatly adhered to. Examples in this context include: Mozarts Sonata No. 7 in C, K. 309 and Mozarts Concerto Nr. 17 in G major. Talking of music, music of the romantic period had the following features. The music emphasized on the powerful expression of emotions that not only involved love but also other types of emotions like death or hate. There is also rise of the virtuoso performer with larger orchestra, larger range of pitch as well as volume of the music. The music also entrenches rich harmonies as well as more use of chromaticism. Considering the music themes, the music gives interest in themes that relates to far off lands, nature, dreams and more so the supernatural or the mysterious. Examples of music of the romantic period include Beethovens Moonlight Sonata and Rachmaninovs Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor, Op. 18. Considering the social-cultural aspect, classicism culminated several years of western culture including politics and philosophy that were stated by Romans and Greeks that led to liberal western democracy. Socially, classicism considered men and women as socially equal with same right to life, liberty and to pursuit of happiness. Priority was given to the use of reason in solving social issues with universal ideas and principles put into consideration to create a common ground while still giving room for the individuals, religions and cultures. Talking of social-cultural organization, Romanticism reacted to the aspect practiced in classicism in a rebellious manner. The culture of reason and universal became obsolete since the war and social injustices were on a rising edge and many societies were still oppressed. Therefore, romanticism replaced universalism with individualism (uniqueness of every culture) and reason with passion and struggle. This was now the new approach and solution to problems that occurred during classicism. Political Analysis: Tartuffe Letter of a Contemporary Performance At the time I entered the theatre, all the seats were almost full. Audience from different political and social classes had already arrived and set for the play. Being a male middle class person working as a journalist, I had to find myself a seat in front in an area created for the general public to be able to focus on the event and at the same time gather some reports about the performance and other reactions. Of course the VIPs had their special arrangement set for them with a different price from the rest. In the theatre, present were audience from different social classes. I only managed to identify two classes being the high class and the general public. The high class individual had seats reserved for them in a separate compartment of the theatre from the general public. The mode of dressing could tell everything. As an audience, I went to have fun, laugh, enjoy the performance and learn some few lessons from the play. Before the event kicked off, the manager of the theatre we lcomed all the audience with specific emphasis on the powerful artists and politicians who were present. This is the time I realized that even the monarch was present at the event. As the performance kicked off, people could not tell exactly what the theme of the play was to be until some two performers came on stage to remind us that this was a play and not a real life situation. Normally, events that take place in a theatre represent real life situation and this was the expectation of most of the audience present. However, Moliere broke this convention to make the audiences believe that a theatre is merely an establishment and that whatever that was going on was a play and not a real life event. The aspect of the performance that made a great impact on me and also to the audience was the theme of the performance. Focusing on the theme of the performance which was this is a play and not real life, the audiences were often reminded that this was a play and not a real life. This idea gathered support from other things including the presence of two men who were wearing masks and actors performance dressed in black dresses and capes. They acted a role of separating the play scenes by sometimes hiding performers and also acting as a door to separate the performance. Personally, I think there presence on stage was to give support to the idea that this was a play and not a real life event. The idea was also supported by various gestures and mimes which sounded exaggerated. What I did not like about the play was actually the subject which was related to the present society. Despite being in its originality, it sounded ordinary and did not make me remember it and think of it after the play. However, there was totally no boredom among the audience and I could tell this from the sounds, cheering and the facial expression from the audience. This was because of the tempo which was kept constant and took the attention of the audience at all times me included. Other things that kept the audience away from bored were the lighting up system during the performance which kept on changing and the background music whose speed was directed as the acting went on. The dressing mode of the actors was also another appealing feature of the day. Generally, I enjoyed the performance, laughed a lot and from the facial expression, cheering and reaction of other spectators, I believe they also enjoyed the play. It was wonderful. Psychological Analysis: Character Subtext or Motivation for Passion Life is a dream Life is a dream is a Spanish age play set during the mythical version of the Polands kingdom. The play reveals the story of Basilio who decides to send his son, Segismundo to prison at birth with a reason that the astrological studies he has been undertaking has given him a fear that this son might grow up and become rebellious or be a tyrant to his authority. Calderon gives a first hand consideration to two forces of free will and determinism which appears to contrast each other in this fable as the forces responsible and required to shape human character as well as destiny. Considering the subplot, we find Rosaura who seeks to look for Astolfo for dishonoring her after the marriage promise. The problems examined by Calderon are mostly related to vengeance and honor. In this paper, I will narrow down to the psychology of one character in this play called Segismundo and his struggle for his passions. The issue I will be focusing on is his struggle to overturn his destiny and liberty. Segismundo being the son of the king of Poland, Basilio, lived a life of not even knowing his identity due to his fathers fear that he might turn his back on him following the astrological studies. At birth, he was imprisoned after his fathers charting with his horoscope which revealed to him that his son will grow up and be a treacherous son as well as a savage ruler. After some time, his father devised rules that eventually freed his son from prison and gave him the power of a king just for a day. But because of the brutality and the cruelness of his son, the father finally confirmed his fear and ordered him to be returned back to the prison. However, after his liberation from the tower for the second time, he struggles a lot and overcomes his brutality as well as his earlier predestined identity. This is what we call struggle for passion. The culture of the Hispania at that particular time lied in the horoscopes revealing. But we see Segismundo struggling to overturn his destiny and his predestined identity. According to how he describes himself and also how other people describes him, Segismundo is actually a beast or simply force of nature. He is normally clothed with things like animal skins and he is fond of contrasting himself with fish and other animals like snakes, streams as well as volcanoes. Just before he is taken to court, Clotaldo comes in and fills his mind to become an image of an eagle. Considering the meaning of his name, it stands contrary to the predatory imagery and the happenings that are surrounding him and signifies his triumph for his unchangeable fate that is written in the stars. His name Segism undo which means victory and protector according to the Germans justifies his ending when Rosaura comes in his picture and awakens new perception in him. Through her, Segismundo gets to understand the meaning of honor. Rosaura completely parallels Segismundos actions and serves as his guide eventually succeeding in converting him. Therefore, Segismundo eventually succeeds in fulfilling his struggle for passion and liberty with conversion into a loyal person unlike the Hispanias horoscope predetermined his destiny. Personally, I consider this as a fight and struggle for passion and overturn of nature. Video Report Script Coverage Title of the film: The New World Director: Terence Malick Screenwriter: Terence Malick Stars: Colin Farrell, Qorianka Kilcher and Christopher Plummer Log Line: a one or two line summary of the film A film or a drama featuring an explorer called John Smith and the 17th century clash that existed between English settlers and the Native Americans Plot Synopsis The 17th century explorer John Smith and some other few men goes up the river to engage in trade with the Indian counterparts where he falls in love on mere befriending of the princess Pocahontas. At this time he was in love, Smith was to still perform his roles and responsibilities as the present of the Jamestown as well as face the challenges that befall him on which path to choose between staying with the fallen apart colony or decide to move up the river in the world to love Pocahontas. With time, the Indians come to realize that the English does not mean to leave and therefore, they decide to launch some attacks against them. However, some of the English men at the fort decides to capture Pocahontas and makes her their hostage to protect them from being attacked by the Indians. The king of Jamestown orders immediate eviction of smith from the town and at the same town a wealth tobacco planter comes in to settle in the town. While living there, Pocahontas adopts the English cultu re and again falls in love with this tobacco planter called John Rolfe. Finally she finds herself falling apart in making a decision on who between the two to dedicated to. Discussion The major themes that were evident in the film were love and death. The theme of love becomes evident when Smith goes up the river to meet natives and carry out trade for their necessities like food. Instead, Smith survives alone out of the whole brigade and meets a beautiful lady called Pocahontas whom he falls in love with. But because the two are from different cultural backgrounds one being English and another being native American, their true love is hindered from being ideal. Although there are some scenes of intimacy between the two, sexuality is not emphasized but the acts of talking and staring at each other are given priority. Because the father of Pocahontas was the king of the Jamestown in which Smith had gone, he becomes so upset with his daughter for falling in love with an English man. Being capable (king) of doing anything to Smith, Pocahontas decides to risk her life and protect Smith from being killed. She does this until Smith is finally evicted out of the town saf ely. She risks her life to protect Smith and others from being attacked by the Asians by being their hostage. The issues that evolve in this film are about faith. Towards the end of the film, we find the long held traditions of the Indian never to be converted into Christianity are broken when Pocahontas decides to get baptized and be converted into a Christian. She is quoted praying to the lord to help her be humble. This is not normal as the Indian rejects Christianity and at no time will you find one of them being converted to a Christian. The point of connection that is evident in the film between historical culture, time period and theatrical tradition comes towards the end when all the traditional ties are broken and various cultures merged including change of religion. Pocahontas finally marries Rolfe who adopted the English culture. The audience that will find this movie interesting and appealing are the grown ups who are eighteen years and above. This is because they understand emotions, religion and love. Young people may find it not good due to some scenes of long kissing and others that suggest nudity. Personally, the themes were good and the characters demonstrated the themes in a perfect manner. The direction and visual story telling was of high quality and appealing and the general story was flowing. However, the only thing that I dint like about this film is the way Christianity was portrayed. The English were portrayed as cruel and uncivilized people while the Indians portrayed as humble, civilized and welcoming people. To me, Christianity is about declaration that everyone is a sinner by nature and needs to repent.

Date Rape and Acquaintance Rape Essays -- The Tragedy of Date Rape

Date rape is not a rare incident. Surveys indicate that in 84% of rape cases, the victim knows the attacker, and 57% of rapes occur on dates (Warshaw 11). However, what is even more surprising than these high statistics is that most incidents of date rape go unreported. Several theories exist that try to explain this phenomenon. For example, many women may refuse to believe that their â€Å"friend† raped them. In fact, they could eventually convince themselves that it never happened. Additionally, there is confusion following the attack in which memory and emotions become mixed up. When alcohol or drugs are involved, the women may have no memory of the attack whatsoever. Even if the victim does remember the attack, they could be left with a sense that they let themselves be taken advantage of. In cases such as this, the victim may blame them self instead of the attacker. The shame involved in either being battered by or hurting someone we care for makes it hard to tell anyone, even those closest to us. People in abusive relationships often work hard at making it seem as if nothing is wrong. They try to convince themselves and others that â€Å"it’s not really that bad,† or that â€Å"it doesn’t happen all the time.† (Hicks 18) Additionally, societal perceptions dictate that a woman should know how to set limits, and that they are responsible for their own actions. Many women, thinking back on their sexual experiences, will respond affirmatively when asked the question â€Å"Have you ever had sex with a man when you didn’t want to, because he used physical force against you?† but at the same time offer a firm â€Å"no† when asked â€Å"Have you ever been raped?† (Bender 10-11) While victims of date rape rarely report the crime, the psychological effects are just as bad as if a stranger raped them. Since fewer women seek counseling or treatment for date rape than for rape by a stranger, the effects can be even more severe. In recent years, public attention has been drawn to the prevalence of date rape through the media and researchers. However, many believe that date rape is still the most widely under-reported crime. (Warshaw 11-14)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Date rape has existed for as long as recorded history. In fact a date rape is described in the Old Testament (2 Sam. 13: 1-15) committed by Amnon, son of Kind David. Despite its long history, public awareness and attention has not been drawn ... ...sion. Educators choose to ignore the reality that acquaintance rape happens in junior highs, senior highs, and colleges across the country. Moreover, some school officials find it easier to punt the problem back to uninformed parents rather than risk calling attention to a possible negative situation in their own institutions. (Warshaw 169) Often, parents are reluctant to consider that their â€Å"perfect† child could commit date rape or could put themself in a position to be date raped. However, if these attitudes are changed and teachers and parents begin to educate young people about date rape, the prevalence of date rape will begin to drop drastically. Works Cited Bender, David Date Rape San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2008 Hicks, John Dating Violence Brookfield: Millbrook Press, 2007 Lindquist, Scott The Date Rape Prevention Book Naperville: Sourcebooks, 2012 Mufson, Susan Straight Talk About Date Rape New York: Facts On File, 2009 Parrot, Andrea Date Rape & Acquaintance Rape New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2008 Thornhill, Randy. The History of Rape. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2012 Warshaw, Robin. I Never Called It Rape New York: Harper & Row, 1994 Date Rape and Acquaintance Rape Essays -- The Tragedy of Date Rape Date rape is not a rare incident. Surveys indicate that in 84% of rape cases, the victim knows the attacker, and 57% of rapes occur on dates (Warshaw 11). However, what is even more surprising than these high statistics is that most incidents of date rape go unreported. Several theories exist that try to explain this phenomenon. For example, many women may refuse to believe that their â€Å"friend† raped them. In fact, they could eventually convince themselves that it never happened. Additionally, there is confusion following the attack in which memory and emotions become mixed up. When alcohol or drugs are involved, the women may have no memory of the attack whatsoever. Even if the victim does remember the attack, they could be left with a sense that they let themselves be taken advantage of. In cases such as this, the victim may blame them self instead of the attacker. The shame involved in either being battered by or hurting someone we care for makes it hard to tell anyone, even those closest to us. People in abusive relationships often work hard at making it seem as if nothing is wrong. They try to convince themselves and others that â€Å"it’s not really that bad,† or that â€Å"it doesn’t happen all the time.† (Hicks 18) Additionally, societal perceptions dictate that a woman should know how to set limits, and that they are responsible for their own actions. Many women, thinking back on their sexual experiences, will respond affirmatively when asked the question â€Å"Have you ever had sex with a man when you didn’t want to, because he used physical force against you?† but at the same time offer a firm â€Å"no† when asked â€Å"Have you ever been raped?† (Bender 10-11) While victims of date rape rarely report the crime, the psychological effects are just as bad as if a stranger raped them. Since fewer women seek counseling or treatment for date rape than for rape by a stranger, the effects can be even more severe. In recent years, public attention has been drawn to the prevalence of date rape through the media and researchers. However, many believe that date rape is still the most widely under-reported crime. (Warshaw 11-14)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Date rape has existed for as long as recorded history. In fact a date rape is described in the Old Testament (2 Sam. 13: 1-15) committed by Amnon, son of Kind David. Despite its long history, public awareness and attention has not been drawn ... ...sion. Educators choose to ignore the reality that acquaintance rape happens in junior highs, senior highs, and colleges across the country. Moreover, some school officials find it easier to punt the problem back to uninformed parents rather than risk calling attention to a possible negative situation in their own institutions. (Warshaw 169) Often, parents are reluctant to consider that their â€Å"perfect† child could commit date rape or could put themself in a position to be date raped. However, if these attitudes are changed and teachers and parents begin to educate young people about date rape, the prevalence of date rape will begin to drop drastically. Works Cited Bender, David Date Rape San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2008 Hicks, John Dating Violence Brookfield: Millbrook Press, 2007 Lindquist, Scott The Date Rape Prevention Book Naperville: Sourcebooks, 2012 Mufson, Susan Straight Talk About Date Rape New York: Facts On File, 2009 Parrot, Andrea Date Rape & Acquaintance Rape New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2008 Thornhill, Randy. The History of Rape. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2012 Warshaw, Robin. I Never Called It Rape New York: Harper & Row, 1994

Bartelby & story

The narrator tries all the way through the story to truly empathize with Bartleby, but he never digs too deep because he is concerned about saving himself. He thinks that doing good deeds for Bartleby will look good for him as well. The narrator, however, sticks with Bartleby longer than most of us would.Bartleby is frustratingly honest about life. He is throroughly unexcited about life in general, and the narrator is maybe a little afraid that he is too much like Bartleby. However, he is an eminently â€Å"safe† man who has made peace with the modern world by working for rich clients but has no inner passion.2. Turkey, Nippers and Ginger Nut are oddly named characters. Turkey and Nippers are named for the volatility of their character and are in themselves caricatures. Turkey gets drunk in the afternoon and becomes enraged at the slightest thing thereafter; in other words, he acts like a real turkey. Nippers is irritable and angry in the morning when he might â€Å"nip† someone. As the day goes on, he is able to get some work done. The two of them together do the work of one man. Ginger Nut is so named because he brings the office Ginger Nut cakes.Their nicknames tell the reader that they are unreliable in assessing Bartleby, since someone could assume by their actions that they are crazy too. These characters also serve to show what the boss already puts up with. 3. Bartleby might want his story told in order to emphasize the futility of the world. He loses two jobs due to some sort of administrative change, and the world does not provide an environment for him that he can become excited about. The tone of his last statement, â€Å"Ah, Bartleby! Ah, humanity!† is a final sigh in the life of someone who has given up completely. Bartleby has not helped anyone, including himself. He may want to warn us of the emptiness of striving to make a living and the bleakness of the business world. He may also want to show us in a more realistic way wh at becomes of the nonconformist in society. It is wonderful for all of us to think about not being â€Å"part of the crowd,† but the reality is very different. Not being one of the crowd makes for a long and lonely existence. Works Cited Melville, Herman, Bartle

Anthropology sociology Essay

Culture as defined by anthropologist Tylor; â€Å"is that complex whole which includes the knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. † Greenblatt recognizes this definition as vague and more of a gesture towards other more specific cultures such as : â€Å"youth culture† or â€Å"human culture†. He makes his most definitive statement about culture when defining what it does not refer to- materials. Panegyric and satirical writing are both involved with the â€Å"praise and blame† of literature. Panegyric takes on the â€Å"praise† by positively reinforcing societal structures. Whereas, satire plays the â€Å"blame† card working towards pointing out the faux pas of society. Cultivation is â€Å"the internalization and practice of a code of manners†. â€Å"Exchange† is the means in which mobility is achieved. It is the borrowing of plots and adaptations from other literary works; that aren’t necessarily a part of the writers culture. Exchange is the transmission of other cultures. Exchange reaches beyond the social â€Å"constraints† of society. Culture is created through this â€Å"praise and blame† system that takes place both inside the text and also in society. Which works of literature are glorified and held up by a society? And which works of literature are looked down upon by society? Great artists are agents of mobility. Riding this in between zone of â€Å"praise and blame† — they represent the â€Å"and† the possibility of improvisations amongst a particular society. Literature in this sense is both a byproduct of culture but also literature aids in creating the social restraints of a culture. These two concepts constantly reinforce each other in a circular way– making both the mobility and the constraints of culture a possibility. This idea of mobility and constraints also bring to mind the author’s intention. It seems to me that the author will inherently represent culture in his/her writing because that is what is known– that would be the part that wasn’t intended, the constraints of society. However, I think cultural exchange and mobility would have to of been intended by the author–the ideal vision of what they think the world should be like.

Avocado History, Domestication, and Spread

Avocado History, Domestication, and Spread Avocado (Persea americana) is one of the earliest fruits consumed in Mesoamerica and one of the first trees domesticated in the Neotropics. The word avocado derives from the language spoken by the Aztecs (Nahuatl)  who called the tree ahoacaquahuitl  and its fruit ahuacatl; the Spanish called it aguacate. The oldest evidence for avocado consumption dates back almost 10,000 years in Puebla state of central Mexico, at the site of Coxcatlan. There, and in other cave environments in the Tehuacan and Oaxaca valleys, archaeologists found that over time, avocado seeds grew larger. Based on that, the avocado is considered to have been domesticated in the region by between 4000-2800 BC. Avocado Biology The Persea genus has twelve species, most of which produce inedible fruits: P. americana is the best known of the edible species. In its natural habitat, P. americana grows to between 10-12 meters (33-40 feet) high, and it has lateral roots; smooth leathery, deep green leaves; and symmetrical yellow-green flowers. The fruits are variously shaped, from pear-shaped through oval to globular or elliptic-oblong. The peel color of the ripe fruit varies from green to dark purple to black. The wild progenitor of all three varieties was a polymorphic tree species that spanned a broad geographical area from the eastern and central highlands of Mexico through Guatemala to the Pacific coast of Central America. The avocado should really be considered as semi-domesticated: Mesoamericans didnt construct orchards but rather brought a few wild trees into residential garden plots and tended them there. Ancient Varieties Three varieties of avocado were created separately in three different locations in Central America. They were recognized and reported in surviving Mesoamerican codexes, with the most detail appearing in the Aztec Florentine Codex. Some scholars believe these varieties of avocados were all created in the 16th century: but the evidence is inconclusive at best. Mexican avocados (P. americana var. drymifolia, called the ​aoacatl in the Aztec language), originated in central Mexico and are adapted to the tropical highlands, with relatively good tolerance to cold and small fruits that are covered by a thin, purple-black skin.Guatemalan avocados, (P. americana var. guatemalensis, quilaoacatl) are from southern Mexico or Guatemala. They are similar in shape and size to the Mexican but have a more ovoid and lighter-colored seed. Guatemalan avocados are adapted to medium elevations in the tropics, are somewhat cold-tolerant, and have a thick, tough skin.West Indian avocados (P. americana var. americana, tlacacolaocatl), despite their name, are not from the West Indies at all, but rather were developed in the Maya lowlands of central America. They are the largest of the avocado varieties and are adapted to lowland humid tropics and tolerant of high levels of salt and chlorosis (plant nutrient deficiencies). The West Indian avocado fruit is r ound to pear shape, has a smooth easy-to-peel light green skin and abundant flesh with a slightly sweet taste. Modern Varieties There are about 30 main cultivars (and many others) of avocados in our modern markets, of which the best known include the Anaheim and Bacon (which are derived almost entirely from Guatemalan avocados); Fuerte (from Mexican avocados); and Hass and Zutano (which are hybrids of Mexican and Guatemalan). Hass has the highest volume of production and Mexico is the major producer of exported avocados, nearly 34% of the entire global market. The major importer is the United States. Modern health measures suggest that eaten fresh, avocados are a rich source of soluble B vitamins, and of about 20 other essential vitamins and minerals. The Florentine codex reported avocados are good for a variety of ailments including dandruff, scabies, and headaches. Cultural Significance The few surviving books (codices) of the Maya and Aztec cultures, as well as oral histories from their descendants, indicate that avocados held a spiritual significance in some Mesoamerican cultures. The fourteenth month in the classic Mayan calendar is represented by the avocado glyph, pronounced Kankin. Avocados are part of the name glyph of the classic Maya city of Pusilh in Belize, known as the Kingdom of the Avocado. Avocado trees are illustrated on the Maya ruler Pacals sarcophagus at Palenque. According to Aztec myth, since avocados are shaped like testicles (the word ahuacatl also means testicle), they can transfer strength to its consumers. Ahuacatlan is an Aztec city whose name means place where the avocado abounds. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Plant Domestication, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Chen H, Morrell PL, Ashworth VETM, de la Cruz M, and Clegg MT. 2009. Tracing the Geographic Origins of Major Avocado Cultivars. Journal of Heredity 100(1):56-65. Galindo-Tovar, Marà ­a Elena. Some aspects of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) diversity and domestication in Mesoamerica. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Volume 55, Issue 3, SpringerLink, May 2008. Galindo-Tovar ME, and Arzate-Fernndez A. 2010. West Indian avocado: where did it originate? Phyton: Revista Internacional de Botnica Experimental 79:203-207. Galindo-Tovar ME, Arzate-Fernndez AM, Ogata-Aguilar N, and Landero-Torres I. 2007. The Avocado (Persea Americana, Lauraceae) Crop in Mesoamerica: 10,000 Years of History. Harvard Papers in Botany 12(2):325-334. Landon AJ. 2009. Domestication and Significance of Persea americana, the Avocado, in Mesoamerica. Nebraska Anthropologist 24:62-79. Martinez Pacheco MM, Lopez Gomez R, Salgado Garciglia R, Raya Calderon M, and Martinez Muà ±oz RE. 2011. Folates and Persea americana Mill. (Avocado). Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 23(3):204-213.

3 Upper-Intermediate Essays - Ethics, Professional Studies

3 Upper-Intermediate Essays - Ethics, Professional Studies 3 Upper-Intermediate Corporate image Progress Test Part 1 Reading Task 1 Read the article below about creating a strong corporate image. Choose the correct word or phrase to fill each gap. There is an example at the beginning, (0). Creating a strong corporate image A corporate image is the public's perception of what your company (0) _____ B _____. It is essentially the personality' of your organization and it is what differentiat es you from the competition and establishes you in the business world. Developing a good corporate imag e doesn't just happen, it takes years and sometimes decades to promote. It is a s eries of proactive choices that (1 ) _ _ __ D ____ an end result.' It should go without saying that you need, first and f oremost, to ensure they your company product or service is something to be proud of, since is the primary generator of your image. However, beyond this, there are several key components to creating and maintaining a good corporate image. Ethics Whatever the company does should have an ethical underpinning fr om top to bottom. This requires more than simply creating a series of ethical policies and proced ures. Your ethics need to be an (2) ___ _ C ____ part of the company culture: the company will do the ri ght thing regardless of the result. Key to (3) _____ B _____ this ethical framework is esta blishing a system of checks and balances and reporting mechanisms that clearly lay out the (4) _ ___ A ____ of breaking these rules. Communication and consistency The (5) ____ C _____ to effectively establishing an ethical c ulture, and to every element of developing a good corporate image, is good communication. This part of image development (6 ) _ ___ D ____ not only to a company's management and lower level e mployees, but also to external stakeholders (such as customers, vendors, shareholders, etc.) an d the public in general. Strong consideration should be given to developing a separate strategic communication plan to (7 )_ ____ C _____ this task. However, in order for communication t o be successful, your corporate image must be clear and consistent with the products and services you have to offer, the benefits you provide to your target audience and how you (8) _____ B _____ them. If your positioning statemen t indicates that your products are aimed at retirees, for example then you must make sure you are communicating with retirees : your corporate image must (9 ) _ ____ A ____ on this audience. Maintaining credibility It is essential at all costs to (10) ___ C ___ your credibility in the market and in minds of your customers by demonstrating that you do what you say you will do. If you are a charitable organization, for example, then spending thousands of dollars on elaborate confere nces and high- end salaries will end up discrediting your image. Similarly, if you are trying to c reate an image of environmental concern, you will need to invest in ensuring that your products or se rvices have (11) _____ D _____ environmental credentials. Advertising and the media You need to align your advertising strategy with the image you want t o create. If you are focused on an image of caring and compassionate healthcare, for example, then focusing on the technology for delivery of healthcare services will distract from the image of compassio n. It sounds obvious, but it is surprising how often companies (12) _____ B _____ with such an an omalies. In addition to its own advertising, an organization should set up a permanent structure for m onitoring the various media and gathering information about how it is portrayed. A company has to know where it stands in the eyes of its beholders in order to respond to any given situation. Alignment with similar values Finally, it is important that you partner or align yourself with oth er organizations and people who share your corporate values. The saying that We are judged by the company we keep' is especially true in creating a corporate image. The people, partnerships, and other businesses you deal with will either help

Airasia Assessment †Opportunities And Perspectives

Airasia Assessment – Opportunities And Perspectives Tony Fernandes bodies an obligation toward the awareness which alters the apparition in realism. He craving to jump a little-price carrier company and then he makes the good hallucination of the company to lease everyone can hover in realism. Therefore, AirAsia has unceasingly hurled little-cost advertising letters to allow clienteles to like little-cost trips to different chairs. AirAsia’s charges are meaningfully subordinate than other carrier service earners and the websites charges are also inexpensive than the visible-line kiosk fee and gift free stalls raise to give the customers break to like and also for those who cannot give the fee. It is to do the idea everyone can soar in truth. Moreover, he broke the order and cheered employees to tell ready and breakdown the dividers. For example, he sit down in an exposed ground strategy with his employees and also directed his interaction number to his staffs so they can just song, e-mail and text him right and crack it quickly without go through any subdivision. Even the bottommost graded approved can interaction him right through his telephone number, which wealth he gives everyone as like and keen to see their wants. In Edgar Schein’s model, there are three separate planes can detect organizational nation. Firstly any perceptible, explicit or orally identifiable fundamentals that comprise in item in an organization. In AirAsia, their key dye is red which meant with valor and lust. Their new even is look like a vying team Pit Stop Girls, while the other one is a red, meek stock flight uniform that gives weekend rest rovers a calm feel. AirAsia also offers exceptional plans for expecting fares and babies that would flying aboard. Next is the price that founds the organizational nation. In AirAsia, they worth the formation of little-price, extensive-two parts while upholding the excellence of service for tall-tutorial carriers and providing in height-rate and fact-to-fact networks for extended-drag services. The third is the supposed standards of the employees which cannot be unrushed but do make a change to the nation of the organization. In AirAsia, they run a truly good deal and cooperatio n. Sort meek practices to amenities and make available aid to customers in must. A typical of nation that is based on 4 changed natures of organizations had been fashioned by Deal and Kennedy. Each of them concentrations on the hurry at which the organization accepts reaction in the form of loots for members and the near of risks occupied. Deal and Kennedy’s nation that spasms to AirAsia are labor-hard, drama-hard nation, wager-the company nation. The nation of labor-hard, drama-hard has speedy response and low peril which ensuing in strain from assignment rather than doubt. This nation has described high-talking rebirth will be leaded by tall-speed act. AirAsia squat-price cost and cheap vouchers may obtain a lot of draw from many people, follow-on in a fat number of customers. They need to fix any edict usual and distinct care from the customers alone. On the other hand, wager-the company nation has gentle feedback and tall peril which ensuing in strain from tall peril and stay before expressive if actions have remunerated off. The extended opinion is oc cupied, but then did a lot of effort to brand sure belongings go as deliberate. In every carrier company, judgment is actually imperative. If it is late for an extensive period, it will touch the customer and finish with the buyers regret. Employees in AirAsia must exertion firm to improvement the faith of their customers and receive bootees for employees of the month. Moreover, every carrier company former mandatory to familiarize with the customer’s nation. For instance, AirAsia encountered a problematic where many Muslim females from the Middle East criticized that AirAsia attractive unchanging. Concerning organizational building to organizational nation is propagated by Charles Handy. The described nation that spasms with AirAsia are Task nation. Task nation in AirAsia can be defined as where lineups such as the waitperson and the trial to solve definite difficulties. Control is consequential from the team with the know-how to achieve tasks. AirAsia uses a minor team style, with extremely competent employees who study in their field of know-how. Kim Cameron and Robert Quin made an investigation on organizational efficacy and achievement. Cheap value creates division, such as tractability and solidity, as well as interior and outside attention, which are most significant in defining organizational achievement. AirAsia is best suited to Marketplace nation and Coterie nation, where the leaders modest workroom likes hard motorists and welcoming workrooms, where bests act like daddy statistics. It can be understood from their dream and assignment. Their box is to become the chie f low-fee carrier in Asia whereas maintaining the highest quality product using machinery to cut fee to the best company whereby employees are preserved as part of a big household, create a worldwide acknowledged ASEAN badge and portion 3 billion people who are presently underserved with tall deprived connectivity and tall prices. As conclusion, AirAsia Berhad will be the best carrier company due to offering the inexpensive price vouchers and complete the dream of everyone can hover around the world. A good control style touches the entire company and employees to become encourage and invent. Tony Fernandes has positively functional all the four magnitudes of the transformational headship in the carrier business. We believe that AirAsia will be the efficacious carrier company and consider a worldwide acknowledged ASEAN badge.

Police and Affrimative Action Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police and Affrimative Action - Research Paper Example The main areas in the police selection process where affirmative action has had its effects include physical agility testing and use of written assessments. Today, people from the minority groups hold a significant number of positions in the police department. Affirmative action is a policy developed in United States in order to create guidelines to use either directly or indirectly in awarding jobs, promotions, and resources to persons from minority groups. Persons from minority groups who seek employment in the police force must prove their membership in a protected group for them to be employed. This move by the US government aimed at compensating people believed to be from minority groups for past discrimination. The main objective of the affirmative action includes ensuring that the number of women and racial minorities in the police department approximates the number of the majorities. The introduction of physical agility testing and written tests in the police selection process marked the beginning of reforms that were to be experienced in the police department. The use of physical agility testing used standards on height and weight at its inception. The process later adopted health based physical agility screening to end the inefficiencies of use of height and weight. The use of health based testing procedure incorporated gender based norms, which reduced gender based biases that occurred when physical agility testing was in place (COOP, 2005). Application of written tests was mainly concerned on the way minorities performed in the written tests. The use of written tests revealed that minorities had poor performances on police written selection tests compared to their majority counterparts. This appeared to be a form of racial discrimination and it discouraged the minorities from choosing policing as a career. Therefore, various concerned groups forwarded recommendations on the need to improve the use of written tests

The Paradox of Wealth and Poverty Research Paper

The Paradox of Wealth and Poverty - Research Paper Example tion is said to have become wealthier according to the generally accepted measures, a significant portion of the population actually become poorer day by day. This gives rise to a paradoxical situation in which wealth and poverty simultaneously increase in an economy. An attempt in recent years to find a solution to this globally prevalent problem has been the made by nations by implementing the concept of â€Å"Microfinance†, which ensures provision of a wide range of financial services to the very poor. One of such most important financial services is the issue of â€Å"microcredit† to the poor, who are usually unable to get financial support from the conventional credit system due to a number of reasons. This revolutionary financial innovation originated with the establishment of the Grameen Bank by Muhammad Yunus, winner of the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize, who had started working on this issue back in the year 1976. This concept is today being applied in the developed co untries like the U.S. as well, where around 37 million people (12.6%) live below the poverty line (Wikipedia). However, it has been observed that replication of the original Grameen Banking model internationally is a very challenging task and large scale implementation of the concept may not be entirely possible. But given the promising results that this microcredit concept has shown, nations all over the world are trying to come up with policies in order to apply the concept to their respective economical and socio-cultural set up. In this essay, I’m going to describe the problem of economic and social inequality that microfinance seeks to address, and then explain in detail the concept of microfinance and microcredit, how did the concept

Language Learning - Interview Analysis Assignment

Language Learning - Interview Analysis - Assignment Example This competence involves the knowledge that a listener or speaker has of what makes up accurate, proper, and effective language behaviour in relation to specific goals in communication (Ellis, 1994, p. 47). It is a common desire of students of a second language to understand and be understood by the native speakers of the target language whenever they communicate orally (Bailey, Long, & Peck, 1983, p. 17). Accent, diction, pronunciation, and enunciation are all considered significant elements of smooth and effective communication between a native speaker and a non-native speaker. It is also true that adult students of a second language, who mastered communicative competence in their mother tongue, tend to apply the rules of their mother tongue when trying to communicate using the target language. However, applying rules from one language to another language results in negative transfer (Krashen & Terrell, 1983, p. 53). Previous studies show disagreement among linguists regarding the effectiveness of a formal classroom set-up in teaching adults a second language (Krashen & Terrell, 1983, p. 56). ... iterature Review This study examined whether explicit instructions in the four areas of competence in the English language, namely, phonology, grammar, vocabulary, and pragmatic, would aid students of the second language, particularly native Arabic speakers, in improving their English reading, listening, and speaking skills. Second Language Acquisition During the early 80s, the Input Hypothesis was proposed by Krashen in an attempt to answer questions related to acquiring a second language. He asserts the importance of focusing and understanding the meaning in the content. However, he also mentions that it is not enough. Another study claims that people cannot hear dissimilarities between sounds unless they learn to make these differences. It is therefore saying that people identify sounds based on the manner they produce these same sounds (Ladefoged, 1967, p. 98). However, one should understand that this particular process is not as simple as it sounds. Levelt’s Speech Produc tion Model in 1983 identifies that communication skills requires a process of utilizing words from the lexicon (vocabulary), implementation of grammatical coding (grammar), and then conveying a phonological coding (phonology). Pragmatic competence is acquired after all these processes, coupled with the proper balance of memory and control mechanism, are learned (Ellis, 1994, p. 51-2). Methodology Thorough analysis of errors made by language students aids in identifying teaching areas that need improvement (Corder, 1974, p. 32). Error analysis is utilized for this study, wherein the errors learners made were given focus. Particularly for this research, a native Arabic speaker was interviewed. Fatima has been studying English in the UK for over 4 months. However, it needs to be considered too that

Social Security Research Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Security Research Paper - Assignment Example The largest generation in the country is the younger one of less than 65 years. This number has been increased by the influx of immigrants which has a high population rate than the natives of the land. These people have a long way to go before they can not only start to enjoy their social security savings but start saving in the fund as well. They however need to be sustained by the government in every way possible. The fact that majority of their parents lack enough money to support them and provide enough for them in terms of provision of the basic services; they need the government to assist them. Majority need to even be paid employment wages and especially during the inflation period when the jobs are no longer available and in fact people are being given early retirements from their employments. The government can only manage to sustain this group of people if it can have a little extra tax and this is possible through using the social security funds of the elderly that do not need them anymore (LeMay, 2007). This policy will not be easy to be implemented because it involves the life savings of this group of people. Some of them started contributing to the fund even before they got to start having their own personal savings and when they lacked enjoying the nice things and luxuries in life simply because they were paying student loans and did not have enough to spare. There are some that had been looking forward to enjoying this money at their retirement. Now that they are rich, they may no longer need the cash but it is still their savings and a representation of how far they have come in life. In order to convince them to part with it, they have to be told to think about it as a form of charity to the needy in society, those who are needy of cheaper and more affordable services and for the sake of their survival. People give to charities to assist and if they consider the money as such, it will be

Edit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Edit - Essay Example The intent of using two images to illustrate the details of the van Gogh’s use of style is commendable, however I recommend that use of student-centered approach would help the learners understand the stylistic shift of Van Gogh. This should be done theoretically, as it will offer the learners more time to examine the attributes mentioned. The student’s participation in the learning process is a positive sign of understanding the topic. The indication that the students are able to access the National Art Gallery Website and create their digital archives is an illustration of the students’ participation. The general concept of the lesson is admirable; however, I am not sure the nature of the sources you will use to authenticate your content. There is need to offer a wide perspective of the lesson by giving a range of sources relative to the topic of discussion. In addition, how can one measure the progress of the students who do not grasp the contents of the lesson, particularly the computer

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Final - Essay Example Enlightenment presented us with an independent human being with free will and the reason he is provided with by nature. Some ideas of the philosophers of the Enlightenment are used today. Their philosophy differs much from the medieval one. For example, for Aristotle people are animals, which are immoral by nature. The opinion of the philosophers of the Enlightenment is quite the opposite. According to Jean Jacques Rousseau, people are on the contrary good by nature, but then our reality changes them. John Locke supports this idea stating that people have a reason by nature. Philosophy of the Enlightenment presents humans as creatures with free will and masters of their own life. â€Å"New† people were intelligent and had the ability to think and develop independently. The philosophic views of John Locke were supported by Voltaire. He was an active opponent of the church and religion as it imposed multiple ungrounded restrictions on people. The period of the Enlightenment is v ery important for the European history as it is characterized by break of the religious prejudices and the revival of human soul. Numerous masterpieces in various fields of art were created during this period. The Enlightenment changed the history of Europe having reduced the influence of church by affecting people’s minds. ... â€Å""In eighteenth-century France throne and altar were commonly spoken of as in close alliance; their simultaneous collapse ... would one day provide the final proof of their interdependence† (McManners). Napoleon created the terms â€Å"nationalism†, â€Å"nation of welfare†, which influenced the actions of many leaders. Some scholars state that Napoleon is a founder of dictatorship, however, they just do not pay attention to the significance of the French Revolution, while it played a very important role in the development of the modern democracy. It is essential to mention that the Revolution changed the position of women greatly. In pre-Revolutionary France women were considered to be â€Å"failed men† with no rights and influence. â€Å"Women’s testimony is in general light and subject to variation; this is why it is taken less seriously than that of men" as opposed to men, upon whom "Nature seems to have conferred†¦ the right to gover n." In general, "men are more capable than women of ably governing particular matters" ("Women"). The revolution and the example of Napoleon’s beloved Josephine made women re-think their position and provide them with the opportunities to penetrate political sphere. The Industrial Revolution and its impact on Europe The Industrial Revolution is the transition from manual labor to machine labor, from agrarian economy to industrial manufacturing. As a result agrarian society was transformed into industrial society. The Industrial Revolution is characterized by the rapid development of manufacturing on the basis of large-scale machine industry as well as the establishment of capitalism as a main economic system in the world. The industrial Revolution

Edit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Edit - Essay Example The intent of using two images to illustrate the details of the van Gogh’s use of style is commendable, however I recommend that use of student-centered approach would help the learners understand the stylistic shift of Van Gogh. This should be done theoretically, as it will offer the learners more time to examine the attributes mentioned. The student’s participation in the learning process is a positive sign of understanding the topic. The indication that the students are able to access the National Art Gallery Website and create their digital archives is an illustration of the students’ participation. The general concept of the lesson is admirable; however, I am not sure the nature of the sources you will use to authenticate your content. There is need to offer a wide perspective of the lesson by giving a range of sources relative to the topic of discussion. In addition, how can one measure the progress of the students who do not grasp the contents of the lesson, particularly the computer

The Role of the Youth in Establishing Unity in a Diversified Multicultural Society Essay Example for Free

The Role of the Youth in Establishing Unity in a Diversified Multicultural Society Essay The Role of the Youth in Establishing Unity in a Diversified Multicultural Society Years passed, adults have tried to control youth because they represent the future. Young people often fight back, trying to create their own world that is separate from their parents. At the end of World War II they were finally given a name: â€Å"teen-agers,† an ideal of young people as consumers. That model for youth spread around the world, and still exists today. Throughout history, young people have played an active role in shaping major social and political advancements. Today’s growing globalization and cross-border movements create an environment, which is increasingly diverse in terms of culture and religion. Young people’s contribution to understanding the impact of this diversity on everyday life as well as politics is now more crucial than ever. Moreover, as they constitute the largest segment of population in many regions, the role of youth in shaping their country’s response to cultural and religious diversity is vital. We clearly see youth as an essential asset – a crucial pool of talent, ideas and energy – that plays a critical role in addressing the challenges related to global and local instability. We must get control of this. We must motivate our youth. We must teach responsibility and goal setting. I fear if we do not we will soon be supporting an entire generation of homeless and needlessly on welfare families. Things have to change, with our schools, with the older generation being good role models, with the older generation being mentors, and with the youth who are right now doing nothing. We believe that it is important to recognize young people’s own contribution to promoting respect and understanding and fostering dialogue among people of different backgrounds. With teenage unemployment soaring, young people can no longer influence the world with their wallets. As student protests began exploding across the globe this fall, we felt compelled to connect our work to these burgeoning movements. Similar generational conflict and disparate youth movements were born out of the Great Depression. These movements share a common goal: to re-imagine the future. It’s an exciting premise that is perhaps the hallmark of adolescence, and a vision typical of history’s most influential youth cultures. Many adults discredit youthful rebellion simply as an emotional rite of passage. However, it is our belief that this style of unrest can bring about real change.

Television Is A Type Of Communication System Media Essay

Television Is A Type Of Communication System Media Essay A unbridgabale gap has come in human and TV . There are so many channels to enjoy.It has presented or telecasted of every door to door customs and traditional as well as international events .Television helps us get updates what happened around the world.we are able to see all small movement happened around us.It presents a small view of our society.On this we can watch live events like cricket ,functional etc.It has great deals now -a -days with mass and media .It has been proved through TV that mass need every update at every movement of their life.It has been a grand source of mass communication.TV what we think it has been a most common source of information and entertainment for people and it has knocked out every source of information. Moreover ,television is a great source of getting jobs, as a carrier maker,personality,enhanchment and much more.TV is known as an idiot box by some people but it not an idiot box .If we use it through a knowledge of science, discovery ,arts ,history and some related channel. It depends on the person how he use it and to what extent he is using it.Without TV we can not imagine our life because it provides us information at every moment of life and every a single movement of our society.TV is a great source of mass media .Media is a great powerful source of public and it can fulfill peoples needs .Now-a-days so many TV Channels are providing their expeditions to all,The socities or groups of society members .They try to catch videos of people and broadcast to all over the world to approach their demands to the governing bodies.As a result we see everday on television govt.come to take some implements on some matters through these sort of news or spicy matters. Without TV we are unable to get updates about what happening around the world.Through television companies are advertising their product .It avoids kids from doing social things they dont spend much time playing outdoor games rather they just spend time seeing them on TV .well and the most important ,if u sit in front of TV the whole day youll definitely get fat .its a fact.Today the kids are mostly interested in watching cartoons which involve so much actions and violence .It imprints a bad impact on childrens.If we see our present we think on programs that made for childrens .programs or serials that designed for childrens more often contain violence than adult TV. we always heard the thoughts of our parents ,neighbourhood ,many people that children are always infront of television watching game,cartoon,TV serials ,cricket match ,geographical channel etc. Childrens ,students they properly do not focus toward their studies .they always dis-obeying their parents.the problem is that t hey only watch cartoons ,movie ,songs and so on.The dont watch TV news which more useful for them to increase their general knowledge. Childrens spend max. time infront of television.Television can be a very useful academics.The television programmes are used to develop listening skills,learning skills.Now Lets talk about merits and de-merits of television TV HELPFUL TO PEOPLE: TV provides : Knowledge of outside world Good programs of science ,medicine arts Entertainment to the old Language practice for non-native speakers. SERIOUS DISADVANTAGES OF TV: People watch TV for 6hrs.a day Children watch TV more than studying sleeping TVs can influence negative sense TV CAUSES POOR CONCENTARTION : Childrens studies suffer Makes people dissatisfied ; Life becomes boring Becomes more real than reality. VIOLENCE ON SCREEN AFFECTS CHILDREN: Children watch: Murders on TV Violence fights People get excited PEOPLE GET ADDICTED TO TV: Most negative effect of TV- People get addicted Powerful need to watch TV TVs addication is like drug addiction. .so many people have have fallen into the trap of believing tv is the best entertainment there is, but for a little extra you get loads more out of books.And it all comes down to imagination.somedays books are so so much better than tv,you can really get engrossed in them and theres such as lot to gain from them.Before a child is fourteen years old,he or she views eleven thousand murders on the tube.He or she beings to belive that there is nothing strange about fights ,killings and other kinds of violence .Many studies show that people more violent after certain programmes.They may even do things that they saw in a violent show.The most negative effect of the boob-tube might be people addication to it .People often feel a strange and powerful need to watch television even when thy dont enjoy it .Addication to a television screen is similar to drug or alcohol addiction.People almost never belive they are addicted

mummies :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you think of a mummy what comes to mind? Most of us usually picture an Egyptian mummy wrapped in bandages and buried deep inside a pyramid. While the Egyptian ones are the most famous, mummies have been found in many places throughout the world, from Greenland to China to the Andes Mountains of South America. A mummy is the body of a person (or an animal) that has been preserved after death. Normally when we die, bacteria and other germs eat away at the soft tissues (such as skin and muscles) leaving only the bones behind. Since bacteria need water in order to grow, mummification usually happens if the body dries out quickly after death. The body may then be so well preserved that we can even tell how the dead person may have looked in life. Mummies are made naturally or by embalming, which is any process that people use to help preserve a dead body. Mummies can be dried out by extreme cold, by the sun, by smoke, or using chemicals such as natron. Some bodies become mummies because there were favorable natural conditions when they died. Others were preserved and buried with great care. The ancient Egyptians believed that mummifying a person's body after death was essential to ensure a safe passage to the afterlife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Last updated February 4, 1997 by CHICO WHAT IS A MUMMY Mummification in ancient Egypt was a very long and expensive process. From start to finish, it took about seventy days to embalm a body. Since the Egyptians believed that mummification was essential for passage to the afterlife, people were mummified and buried as well as they could possibly afford. High-ranking officials, priests and other nobles who had served the pharaoh and his queen had fairly elaborate burials. The pharaohs, who were believed to become gods when they died, had the most magnificent burials of all. In the case of a royal or noble burial, the embalmers set up workshops near the tomb of the mummy. The art of Egyptian mummification consisted of many steps. First, the body was washed and ritually purified. The next step was to remove the deceased person's inner organs. A slit was cut into the left side of the body so that the embalmers could remove the intestines, the liver, the stomach and the lungs. Each of these organs was embalmed using natron, which served to dry out the organs and discourage bacteria from decaying the tissues.

How to Train a Horse Essays -- essays research papers

How to Train a Horse Training a horse to ride is hard work, it involves ground work, riding, and in both patience is very important. In the next few paragraphs I will be explaining the steps needed to train a horse. When you first start training a horse you want to start with doing the ground work. When you are doing the ground work such as leading, lunging, brushing, picking up the hooves, putting on the saddle, blanket, and bridal, and putting weight on the saddle, the ground work allows you know the horse and the horse also starts to know you. It is very important to have a good relationship with your horse because you want your horse to respect you and also know who you are. When doing these steps you should do them in order. First you should brush your horse. Brushing your horse is a very good way for you to let your horse know that you respect him or her. One type of brush that is used is a curry comb which is usually used to comb the mane and tail. Another type of brush that is used is a soft bristled brush, this type of brush is used for the body of the horse. You should always be careful when brushing the tail or the butt of the horse. When you brush the tail you should stand to the side of the butt and pull the tail to the side, this will prevent you from being kicked. Second you should practice leading and lunging your horse. Leading your horse is just like taking your dog for a walk but when you lead your horse you want them by your side, you don?t want them too far in front of you or too far behind you. When you lead your horse you should have a halter and a rope. Your rope should be long enough for you to lunge your horse, which is about fifteen feet. When you are leading your horse you should never let the hors... ...hing good. The last step in training a horse is riding them in different places. The first thirty days of riding should be done in a round pen or riding arena. After you have done this it?s time to take them outside. Different types of places you should ride your horse is near the highway, in the woods, and in town. The first time you ride your horse in a new place you want to be very alert because you never know what might spook your horse. After you have completed all the steps of training your horse should be ready for other people to ride. Training a horse is very hard work, the steps involved are very time consuming. Not every horse is the same, some may be smarter than others. The steps sound very simple, but actually doing them is very different. When training a horse patience is the key. I hope after reading this you have an idea of how to train a horse.

Character Transformation in “Salvation” Essay

Langston Hughes, in his short story, â€Å"Salvation†, uses himself as the character in the story.   Langston does undergo a transformation in his life, as a preteen.   Due to his young age, he feels that his profound conclusion about religion is a betrayal to his family and does not feel as an adult might if they came to the same conclusion. He wants to believe what his aunt believes and it hurts him deeply that he cannot see what she sees or believe how she does in terms of accepting in religious figures as factual persons.   It is the irony of his disbelief as the younger Langston has a more mature take on Jesus, who is spoken of more than other figures in the story, because he requires proof of his existence. His aunt believes that Jesus could save Langston from sin and holds other beliefs about God and the Holy Ghost that she could not prove.   Her thought process seemed more erroneous and immature than Langston’s.   Therefore, not only does Langston undergo a transformation in the way he viewed religion, but grew in that he developed a more mature thought process. Langston is a young boy of almost thirteen years old in this story.   At this age, many young boys grow in many developmental areas.   Using the theme of growth, Hughes deals with this premise in the area of religion.   In the first line of the story Hughes says â€Å"I was saved from sin when I was going on thirteen†. This is an interesting line to analyze, as he later says that he was not really saved from sin, in a religious sense.   But, it could be that he is saved from the â€Å"sin† of not using rational thought and of being a person, who is heavily influenced from others.   It seems that even though Langston is upset when he believes that he has hurt his aunt by deceiving her in his belief of Jesus, this simply proves that while he was growing into a young man mentally, he was still immature emotionally. Hughes very descriptive language in dealing with the characters and their behavior in church, does make the practice of religion, itself, seem very immature.   Hughes says that â€Å"suddenly the whole room broke into a sea of shouting, as they saw me rise. Waves of rejoicing swept the place. Women leaped in the air. My aunt threw her arms around me†.   But Langston is the only calm person in the midst of all of this chaos.   He thinks rationally and wants to see Jesus, when he does not, he comes to the acceptance that there is no Jesus.   While his aunt is proud, he feels badly that he could not tell her the truth about his deduction. Langston, also, has the presence of mind to realize that in the past weeks, the church had brought in many people to be â€Å"saved† and â€Å"the membership of the church had grown by leaps and bounds†.   This is another phase of growth that can be taken from this deduction and this is the growth of moving physically away from family and other institutions to becoming more autonomous. In conclusion, this story is about growth and transformation.   The title, â€Å"Salvation†, may be misleading, as the speaker does not experience salvation in a religious sense.   The salvation that he does achieve is from the freedom of growing into a young man with rational thought and natural questioning of the world around him. Hughes does a wonderful job of describing the mental growth from boy to man that the character experiences.   The emotional aspect of growth is touched upon too, as the boy is still immature in that aspect.   It can be gathered too that physically, Langston is moving away from his aunt and others in the community to be his own person. References Hughes, Langston.   â€Å"Salvation†.   (1940).   Accessible online http://www.courses.vcu.edu/ENG200-dwc/hughes.htm.   Last Accessed 18 November, 2008.

A Study on Job Satisfaction of Employee

A STUDY ON JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES CONTENTS |Sl. No. |Title |Page No. | |1. Introduction |1 – 5 | | | |Statement of the Problem |1 | | | |Objectives of the Study |1 | | | |Scope and Significance of the Study |2 | | | |Research Methodology |2 | | | |Limitations of the Study |4 | | | |Chapteraisation |4 | |2. Profiles |6 – 17 | | | |Industry profile |6 | | | |Company profile |8 | | | |Product profile |13 | |3. |Theoretical Framework |18 – 28 | |4. |Analysis and Interpretation |29 – 40 | |5. |Findings and Recommendations |41 – 42 | |6. Summary |43 | | |Bibliography | | | |Appendix | | LIST OF TABLES |Table |Description |Page No. | | | | | |4. 1 |Score of Various Attributes |30 | |4. 2 |Score of Various Attributes |31 | |4. |Score of Various Attributes |32 | |4. 4 |Score of Various Attributes |33 | |4. 5 |Gender of Respondents |34 | |4. 6 |Educational Qualification |35 | |4. 7 |Experience of the Respondents |36 | |4. 8 |Age of the Res pondents |37 | |4. |Marital Status of the Respondents |38 | | | | | LIST OF FIGURES |Figure |Description |Page No. | | | | | |4. 1 |Score of Various Attributes |30 | |4. 2 |Score of Various Attributes |31 | |4. 3 |Score of Various Attributes 32 | |4. 4 |Score of Various Attributes |33 | |4. 5 |Gender of Respondents |34 | |4. 6 |Educational Qualification |35 | |4. 7 |Experience of the Respondents |36 | |4. 8 |Age of the Respondents |37 | |4. |Marital Status of the Respondents |38 | | | | | Chapter I Introduction Introduction ? Statement of the problem ? Objectives of the Study ? Scope and Significance of the Study ? Research Methodology ? Limitation of the Study ? Chapterisation Chapter III THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Chapter IV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Chapter V SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Chapter VI SUMMARY APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY Chapter IIPROFILES Industry Profile ? Company Profile ? Product Profile INTRODUCTION A study was conducted at, WESTERN INDIA PLYWOODS, VALAPAT TANAM, the largest integrated wood processing complex in the country on Job Satisfaction of the employees. Job satisfaction is a set of favorable or unfavorable feelings and emotions with which employees view their work. Job satisfaction is an affective attitude — a feeling of relative like or dislike toward something. Job satisfaction typically refers to the attitudes of a single employee. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Western India Plywoods has been incurring losses in the last few years. Health, knowledge, skill level etc. f employees are significant factors that can influence the fate of an organization. The causes of business failure may be internal and external, mostly by people related issues. This study attempts at finding the current level of job satisfaction of employees at Western India Plywoods and what it means for its turnaround. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Main Objective The main objective is to study the satisfaction level of workers with respect to various factors. Su b-Objectives ? To study the employee perception about personnel policies. ? To identify ways of improving job satisfaction, if possible. SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study is limited to the workers at the WESTERN INDIA PLYWOODS.It is conducted with the objective of finding various factors affecting the job satisfaction of workers in the company. This study in its practical and theoretical sense will help the management in assessing the satisfaction level of the workers. Job satisfaction of the employees is the major concern of every organization. Dissatisfied employees is a major threat to the company causing a decline in every functions of the company. So the study on the job satisfaction of the employees gains more importance and significance in the sense that it affects productivity and hence the existence of the company. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design . The study conducted at WESTERN INDIA PLYWOODS was descriptive in nature.It aims at portraying accurately the c haracteristics of a group or situation. Sampling Design The technique adopted for the sampling is convenient sampling . Sample Size and population The workers of Western India Plywoods constituted the population for the study. It has 900 permanent workers. The sample selected for the study is limited to 50 for convenience. Study Variables The following variables were selected for the study ? Gender of respondents ? Age of respondents ? Educational qualification ? Experience of employees ? Time spent with family ? Wage level ? Opinion about promotion policy, job security, recognition, work place relationship, etc was also included. Methods of Data CollectionData were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected from the workers by means of Questionnaire and the secondary data were compiled from past records, journals and the Internet. Tools of Data Collection Questionnaire was prepared to collect the relevant data. Major variables such as promotional factors, motivational factors, personal factors and environmental factors were considered while preparing questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared after an initial discussion with a few employees, HR manager, trade union representatives etc. For the questionnaire, closed -end questions were used. Data Analysis and InterpretationThe data analysis and presentation were done using mean, chi-square test, frequency tables, bar charts and pie-diagram. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ? Chances of bias from the respondents cannot be neglected. ? Qualitative study poses a problem of proper articulation of feelings and emotions. In an organizational context superior behaviour may also affect quality of responses. CHAPTERISATION Chapter I Introduction deals with â€Å"introduction to the study†, â€Å"Statement of the Problem†, â€Å"Objectives of the Study†, â€Å"Scope and Significance of the Study†, â€Å"Research Methodology† and â€Å"Limitation of the S tudy†. Chapter II Profile deals with â€Å"Industry Profile†, â€Å"Company Profile†, and â€Å"product profile.Chapter III, â€Å"Theoretical Framework† of job satisfaction Chapter IV, Analysis and Interpretation deals with the analysis and interpretation of the data collected from the respondents. Chapter V Summary, Findings and Recommendations deals with findings from the analysis and the suggestions based on the findings. CONCLUSION This chapter we presented the problem, objectives, scope and significance of the study. The research methodology and limitation of the study were also mentioned . The next chapter deals with profile of the company, its products and markets. INDUSTRY PROFILE INTRODUCTION According to archeologist, man’s cultural progress can be traced in the art of wood veneering.Relics, found in Egypt and Chinese tombs dating from 2002 BC indicate that veneering combines art and science. The 14th century witnessed the revival of art and brought to veneering a new figure and beauty. Today modern machinery and mass production technique produce veneers that are used to build nearly 80% of furniture. PLYWOOD INDUSTRY The necessity of making plywood arises out of the inherent defect in wood plywood in an engineered wood panel . made from thin layer of wood veneers assembled with grain direction of adjacent veneer as right angled to each other with layers of synthetic resins, adhesive and pressed under high heat and pressure, thus imparting a great degree of strength.It is dimensionally stable and strongest sheet material to weight ratio . It is technically designed to be strong and stiff enough to safely replace more than three times thick solid timber for the same use. It appears, plywood industry has become an innocent victim of gross misconception. The unfounded impression that this industry is exerting pressure on our natural resources is factually incorrect. It is in total disagreed to its excellent role as an economic substitute of solid wood and thus prevention of natural forest and ecology. Strangely enough the government desires that the use of aluminium, steel and plastic as substitute of solid wood in buildings may be encouraged.Similarly other substitute like wood based board and medium densified fiber board are claiming their superiority over plywood in terms of its functional use and ecology conservation role. PRODUCT PROFILE The company produces traditional general-purpose commercial and decorative plywood. In addition to that the company proudly presents an exciting range of specially plywood panels and materials for specific applications. 1. WESIND FIRE RETARDANT PLYWOOD This plywood is ideal for residential and non-residential building, transportation vehicles etc. This plywood meets the British Standards Specification and has been certified by the British Standard Institute. 2. WESTIND FIRE RETARDANT PLYWOODExperts in the aviation field have acclaimed this extra ordinary pr oduct of the Company for its unparalleled quality. This product has earned the recognition of the Directorate of Civil Aviation, Government of India, on its introduction itself. 3. WESTIND MARINE PLYWOOD Made of special category timber, this highly durable plywood ensures smooth sailing of vessels in the harsh marine environment. 4. WESTIND RESIN COATED PLYWOOD BWR plywood is coated with a special grade phenolic resin coated plywood's impart a superior finish to the concrete surface and avoid the tedious and expensive plastering operation. 5. WESTIND FLOORING BOARDS These boards have been developed using veneer hard board laminates.The boards have been given a social water repellent treatment and the unique is that they can be cut to nay size to suit the requirement of the floor area. It can be directly laid on a raw concrete floor by applying a thin coat of suitable adhesive. 6. WESTED FURNITURE WESTERN INDIA PLYWOOD specializes in exquisite and molded plywood furniture, which will exceed your expectations regarding strength and durability. WESTIND furniture is manufactured utilizing the finest building material available in the market. It is a matter of pride to WIP that the loose furniture in the Leela Goa project was entirely supplied by the company. It is made with a judicious blend of solid timber and composite panels to optimise strength and cost.The company adopts ultra modern technology to give the products of lasting value and elegance. 7. WESTED SUPTER BLOCK BOARDS Bonded with phenolic resing to produce by a special process with extra core. This product is free from warping and surface undulation. It is a superior to conventional block board and particle board. Its more stable than conventional block boards and its nailing and screw holding properties are superb. 8. WESTING COMPREG Densified and super toughened wood panel products made from veneers impregnated with synthetic resin adhesive and pressed at elevated temperatures and pressures. ? WIPWOO D – for textile and jute mill looms. ? WIPROC – for press forming tools in sheet metal and Aeronautical industries. WIPLAC-panels for rail coach furnishing. ? WIPBEAR-for rolls bearing application ? WIP FILTER PLATES AND FRAME WORKS – for filtration in Chemical industries. ? WIPCHECK-compressed floor board for Automobile, industrial and rail coach furnishing. ? WIPCOM-for high and low voltage insulation in air or in an oil bath. COMPREG MOULED CHAIR SEATS – for EMU rail coaches, Auditorium, Theatres and restaurants. The introduction of WIPLAC and a host of other innovative products underlie the company's commitment to the industry and provide reason for the luminous reputation in the country's larges integrated wood product company enjoys in domestic and international markets.In 1978, WIP set up a plant for manufacturing Di-ally phthalate molding powder, a thermo set which had to be imported with them. Significantly, the technology was developed in house with support from Shree Ram Institute of Industrial research, Delhi. In 1989, the Company put up a pre-finishing plant for direct printing wood grains and plain colours onto hard boards and plywood using radiation curved surface finishes. The pre-finishing plant is the only one of its kind in the country and one of the few in the world. All the raw materials and processes employed in the plant are 100% Eco-Friendly. The company's products are exported to quality conscious markets around the world. MARKETSThe Company has been passing through acute problems for sourcing good raw materials, the price of which increases almost on a daily basis. The main raw material for the company, i. e. , timber, is being exported and here again the company has no control over the price, which varies from shipment to shipment. The company has also no control over the levies being made by Central State Government. Also, the steep increase in cost of imported raw materials, the high power tariff and the ever increasing cost of Furnace oil and other petroleum products collectively put together rendered the company's products uncompetitive in the market. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY The energy conservation measures taken are as follows:Installed variable frequency drives for mating conveyors in No: II Hard board line to eliminate components like brakes, clutches, V-belts and inching motors. By retaining the existing motors, considerable power saving has been achieved. Optimized cooling tower operation by retrofitting and introduction of energy savers in cooling fans Installed level monitoring, closed loop control system for white water chest, and achieved optimisation in white water usage. Introduced automatic Delta Star running system for partial loaded motors in plywood and hardwood plants. The company has also achieved 100% utilization of source raw materials due to its integrated production system. Therefore, it would be apt to call the Western India Plywood's Ltd. â€Å"the company with a conscience. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK INTRODUCTION In this chapter theoretical aspect of job satisfaction is recorded. Job satisfaction reflects the extent to which people find gratification or fulfillment in their work. Job satisfaction is a combination of psychological and environmental factors that make a person to admit, I am happy at my job. Extensive Research on job satisfaction shows that personal factors such as individual's needs and aspirations determine his attitude, along with group and organizational factors such as relationship with co-workers and supervisors, working conditions, work policies, and compensation. DEFINITIONWe can define job satisfaction as involving cognitive, affective and evaluating reactions or attitudes and states it is a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experience. Job satisfaction is a result of employee's perception of how well their job provides those things that are viewed as important. Through the years five job dimensions have been identified to represent the most important characteristics of a job about which employees have affective responses. These are: ? The work itself: The extent to which the job provides the individual with interesting tasks, opportunities for learning and the chance to accept responsibility. Pay: The amount of financial remuneration that is received and the degree to which this is viewed as equitable that of others in the organization. ? Promotional opportunities. The chances for advancement in the organization. ? Supervision: The abilities of the supervisor to provide technical assistance and behavioral support. ? Co-workers: the degree to which fellow workers are technically proficient and socially supportive. There are number of factors that influence job satisfaction. However the main factors are: I. PROMOTIONAL FACTORS Promotional opportunities seem to have a varying effect on job satisfaction. This is because promotions take a numb er of different forms and have a variety of accompanying rewards.For example, individuals who are promoted on the basis of seniority often experience job satisfaction but not as much as those who are promoted on the basis of performance. A promotion is the transfer of an employee to a job which pays more money or one that carries same preferred status. A promotion may be defined as an upward advancement of an employee in an organization to another job, which commands better pay/wages, better status/prestige, and higher opportunities/challenges, responsibility, and authority, better working environment, hours of work and facilities, and a higher rank. A promotion is a vertical move in the rank and responsibility. Involved in a promotion may be some measure of skill; and responsibility. Promotions are usually given: ?To put the worker in a position where he will be of greater value to the company and where he may derive increased personal satisfaction and income from the work; ? To re cognize an individual's performance and reward him for his work so that he may have an incentive to forge ahead. Employees will have little motivation if better jobs are reserved for outsiders. ? To increase an employee's organizational effectiveness; ? To promote job satisfaction among the employees and give them an opportunity for unbroken, continuous service; ? To build up morale, loyalty, and a sense of belonging on the part of the employees when it is brought home to them that they would be promoted if they deserve it; ?To attract suitable and competent workers for the organization. II. MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS There is no doubt that motivation is the key to the promotion of proper good human relations. The term â€Å"motivation† was originally derived from the Latin word movere, which means â€Å"to move†. We can define motivation as an inner state that energises, activates, or moves (hence ‘motivation'), and that directs or channels behavior towards goals. Thu s motivation is a general term that applies to the entire class of energy, drive, tension and similar forces. The studies can be classified under two groups, on the basis of convenience and simplifications, viz. , traditional theories, and modern theories.The traditional theories are based on mostly the â€Å"human relations approach† in management, with little attention to psychological processes that occur. This approach was based upon three simple assumptions: ? Personnel primarily are economically motivated and secondarily desire security and good working conditions. ? Provision of the above rewards to personnel will have a positive effect on the morale. There is a positive correlation between morale and productivity. III. PERSONAL FACTORS Personal factors comprises name, age, sex, marital status, experience, spending time with the family are the personal factors affecting the level of job satisfaction.Age: The relationship between age and job satisfaction could be comple x generally one would expect that as the person gets older greater would be his job satisfaction level because of the experience and the case with which he would he will be able to perform his work Education: The relation between job satisfaction and education is based on how his educational qualification helps him to meet the job requirements and how he is able to utilize to earn additional promotion or a fare salary. However it is reasonable to assume that the more educated would be more frustrated. Years of experience: The relation between job satisfaction and years of experience is such that a new employee would be more satisfied with his job because of the enthusiasm of the work but these gradually decrease and increases when he reaches the stage of retirement as there is no other alternative opportunity available to him IV. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSInterpersonal relationship with supervisor-There seems to be two dimensions of supervisory style that affect job satisfaction. One is employee centeredness, which is measured by the degree to which a supervisor takes a personal interest and cares about the employee. It commonly is manifested in ways such as checking to see how well the employee is doing. The other dimension is participation or influence, as illustrated by managers who allow their people to participate in decisions that affect their own jobs. In most cases, this approach leads to higher job satisfaction. A participative climate created by the supervisor has a more substantial effect on worker's satisfaction Interpersonal relation with work groups will have an effect on job satisfaction.Friendly, co-operative co-workers or team members are a modest source of job satisfaction to individual employees. The work group especially a â€Å"tight† team, serves as a source of support, comfort, advice and assistance to the individual members. A â€Å"good† work group or effective team makes the job more enjoyable. However, this factor is not job satisfaction. On the other hand, if the reverse condition exists the people are difficult to get along with this factor may have a negative effect on job satisfaction. Working conditions have a modest effect on job satisfaction. If the working conditions are good (clean, attractive surroundings for instance), the personnel will find it easier to carry out their jobs.If the working conditions are poor (hot, noisy surroundings for example), personnel will find it more difficult to get things done. In other words, the effect of working conditions on job satisfaction is similar to that of the work group; there may or may not be a job satisfaction problem. Hertzberg’s motivation and hygiene factors are relevant in job satisfaction. If the workers get adequate opportunity to hear and to be heard by the top management it can be a source of job satisfaction. This observation has been subscribed by Vroom while he holds that there exists a relationship between job satisfaction and opp ortunity for self-express. [pic]A MODEL OF JOB SATISFACTION The model of job satisfaction is presented below: EXPECTATIONS ACTUAL ABOUT JOBSCONDITIONS DISCREPANCIES PAYPAY WORK ITSELFWORK ITSELF PROMOTIONSPROMOTIONS COWORKERSCOWORKERS WORKING CONDITIONSWORKING CONDITIONS SUPER VISORSSUPER VISORS EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION Basically, job satisfaction is determined by the ‘discrepancy’ between what individuals expect to get out of their jobs and what the job actually offers. A person will be dissatisfied if there is less than the desire amount of job characteristics in the job. For instance if a person expects to be promoted in six month and then is not, the person will be dissatisfied.A person will be satisfied if there is no discrepancy between decide and actual conditions. If it is more than the employee expected of some job factor and the excess is beneficial (e. g. a large bonus, faster promotion) then the person will be very highly satisfied. Job Satisfaction And Pro ductivity Historically the concept of human relations assumed that high job satisfaction led to high productivity but later research indicated that this was an incorrect assumption. Satisfied workers turned out be either high producers or low producers only on average producers. The satisfaction-productivity relationship appeared to quite complex being influenced by various intermediate factors such as rewards than an employee receives.The question has often risen whether job satisfaction leads to performance of performance leads to job satisfaction. Lawler and Porter have developed a model that suggests that productivity leads to satisfaction. According to them, performance leads to reward and if these are perceived to equitable employee, satisfaction is the result. The assumption, which seems most realistic, is that satisfaction and productivity are in a circular relationship in which each affects the other. From the various studies a general relationship emerges between job satis faction and productivity as shown in figure Relationship between Job satisfaction and Productivity [pic]Here in X, Y graph where X = Productivity and Y = Job satisfaction Line A = High Job satisfaction and Less Productivity Line B = High Job satisfaction and High productivity Lind C = High productivity and less job satisfaction. Here ‘line C’ of chart shows the conditions of high productivity and low job satisfaction which can be occur when the supervisors push the production through techniques of scientific management such as methods study, time study and close supervision. C. B MAMORIA – PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT ‘Line A’ represents a condition which believes that satisfied workers are the best workers and try to keep workers happy regardless of the affects on organizational goals.In this condition, the worker may derive such job satisfaction, but work may be done. One supervisor describes this condition, as â€Å"my workers due so happy that they donà ¢â‚¬â„¢t feel like my working†. The middle ‘line B’ appears to be the most desirable agreement-where high satisfaction and high productivity are combined together CONCLUSION In this chapter the theoretical aspects of job satisfaction were discussed. Major variables such as promotional factors, motivational factors, personal factors and environmental factors were considered . The relationship between job satisfaction and productivity was also described. The next chapter gives analysis and interpretation of the survey data. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION INTRODUCTIONIn this chapter the analysis of the collected data is shown. Analysis of data is made possible through Frequency Tables, Bar Charts, Pie-diagram, and Chi-Square test. Information is interpreted in percentage forms. Scoring method is also used to find the score of various attributes. Mean of various attributes are also shown. In scoring method score is given to the options for example. Score given to Strongl y agree, agree, no opinion, disagree, strongly disagree is +2, +1,0, -1, -2 respectively. Mean: mean is the most common measure of central tendency and can be defined as the value of various given items in a series by the total number of items. Mean = (fx / (f TEST OF HYPOTHESISThe test of hypothesis is a process of testing significance regarding the parameter of the population on the basis of the sample. Chi-Square test is used to test the significance of the parameters of the population. Formula for Calculating X2 : [pic] Where O = Observed Frequency, E = Expected Frequency, Degree of Freedom = (C-1) (R-1) Table: 4. 1 SCORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES |SI NO |ATTRIBUTES |SCORE | |1 |Standard of living |0. 6 | |2 |Promotion policy |-0. 4 | |3 |Job security |0. 64 | *Source: survey data From the table we can find that the score of standard of living is 0. 6 and the score of promotion policy is -0. 54 while job security got 0. 64. Figure 4. 1 SCORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES [pic] The above ta ble is shown in graph. From that we can see that the graph of promotion policy came to the negative side. Majority of the employees are not satisfied with the promotion policy. They have the opinion that the present job has improved their standard of living and they think that their job is secure. Table 4. 2 SCORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES SI NO |ATTRIBUTES |SCORE | |1 |Appreciation |-0. 38 | |2 |Suggestion |0. 08 | |3 |Salary |-0. 3 | *Source: survey data From the table we can find that the score of appreciation from superiors is -0. 38. The score of salary is -0. 3 Figure 4. 2 SCORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES [pic] The above table is shown in graph. From that we can see that they are not getting appreciation from the superiors. The superiors are not inviting suggestions from the employees. The salary given to them is not adequate. Table 4. 3SCORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES |SI NO |ATTRIBUTES |SCORE | |1 |Better job prospect |-0. 6 | |2 |Job change |-0. 02 | |3 |Skill |-0. 32 | |4 |Time spent w ith family |0. 5 | *Source: survey data From the table we can find that the score of desire to change the present job is -0. 02.Utilization of skill got a score of -0. 32 while the time spent with family got 0. 5. Figure 4. 3 SCORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES [pic] The above table is shown in graph. From that we can analyse that majority think that they don’t have a better job prospect as per their qualification. They don’t want to change the present job. Majority are having the opinion that their skills are not properly utilized. They are getting enough time with their family. Table 4. 4 SCORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES |SI NO |ATTRIBUTES |SCORE | |1 |Trade union activities |0. | |2 |Welfare measures |0 | |3 |Working condition |0. 44 | |4 |Relationship with co-workers |0. 82 | *Source: survey data From the table we can find that the activities of trade union got 0. 4 as its score, while working condition scored 0. 44. the relationship with co-workers scored 0. 82. Figure 4. 4 S CORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES [pic] The above table is shown in graph. The employees are having a nice opinion about the trade union activities and working condition. A healthy relationship exists between workers and their superiors.The welfare measures provided by the company are not adequate. Table: 4. 5 GENDER OF RESPONDENTS |SI NO |SEX |FREQUENCY |PERCENTAGE | |1 |Male |41 |82 | |2 |Female |9 |18 | *Source: survey data From the table we can analyze that 82% of the employees are male and 18% is female Figure 4. 5 GENDER OF RESPONDENTS [pic] The same date is shown with the help of pie-diagram. From that we can see that majority of the respondents are male. Table: 4. 6 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION SI NO |EDUCATION |FREQUENCY |PERCENTAGE | |1 |SSLC |39 |78 | |2 |HSC |8 |16 | |3 |GRADUATION |3 |6 | |4 |PG |0 |0 | *Source: survey data The educational qualification of respondents is shown in the table. 78 % of the workers have education up to school level and 16% of them are having education al qualification HSC . 6% of the respondents are graduates. Figure 4. 6 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION [pic] The above table is shown in graph. From that we can interpret that majority are having their education up to school level. Table: 4. 7 EXPERIENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS |SI NO |EXPERIENCE |FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE | |1 |0 to 10 |8 |16 | |2 |10 to 20 |27 |54 | |3 |20 to 30 |10 |20 | |4 |30 to 40 |5 |10 | *Source: survey data Mean experience= 17. 4 The experience of respondents is shown in the table. 54% of them are having experience between 10 to 20 years. 16% comes under the range 0 to 10. Only 10 of them have experience above 30 years. Figure 4. 7 EXPERIENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS [pic] The above table is shown in graph. From that we can see that majority are having experience between 10 to 20 years. Table: 4. 8 AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS SI NO |AGE |FREQUENCY |PERCENTAGE | |1 |21 – 30 |12 |24 | |2 |31- 40 |32 |64 | |3 |41 to 50 |4 |8 | |4 |above 50 |2 |4 | *Source: survey data Mean age = 36 From the table we can see that 64%of the respondents come under the age group 31 to 40 Figure 4. 8 AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS [pic] The same data is shown in the graph. Table: 4. 9 MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS SI NO |MARITAL STATUS |FREQUENCY | | | | | | | | | | |PERCENTAGE | |1 |Married |35 |70 | |2 |Single |15 |30 | *Source: survey data The marital status of the employees is shown in the table. We can see that 70%of the employees are married. Figure 4. 9: MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS [pic] The same data is shown with the help of graph. Chi- square is a non parametric test that has assumed great importance in statistical analysis and statistical inferences because it can be used without making assumptions about parameters, as it is a distribution free test.Chi-square is a measure which evaluates the extent to which a set of the observed frequency of a sample deviates from the corresponding set of the expected frequency of the sample. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPERIENCE AND WAG ES H0=There exist no significant relationship between experience and wages H1= There exist significant relationship between experience and wages | |Wages | |Experience |Agree |Disagree |Total | |0 to 20 |12 |23 |35 | |20 to 40 |7 |8 |15 | |Total |19 |31 |50 | O |E |O-E |(O-E)2 |(O-E)2/E | |12 |13. 3 |-1. 3 |1. 69 |. 1271 | |23 |21. 7 |1. 3 |1. 69 |. 0779 | |7 |5. 7 |1. 3 |1. 69 |. 2965 | |8 |9. 3 |-1. 3 |1. 69 |. 1812 | |Total |. 6827 | Calculated Value of X2=. 6827Degree of freedom = 1 Table value at 5% level of significance =3. 841 As the calculated value is less than the table value the null hypothesis is accepted. The test of hypothesis reveals that there is no significant relationship between experience and wages. Those with more experience are not paid higher. Conclusion Analysis of collected data is shown in this chapter. Analysis of data is done by Frequency Tables, Bar Charts, Pie-diagram, and Chi-Square test. Information is interpreted in percentage forms Findings and reco mmendations are given in the following chapter. FINDINGS ? Majority of the employees are not satisfied with the promotion policy. The present job has improved their standard of living to some extend. ? Majority have the opinion that their job is secure. ? The employees are not getting adequate salary and the appreciation from their superiors is not satisfactory. ? Majority have the opinion that their skills are not fully utilized. ? The employees have a nice opinion about trade union activities and working condition. ? A healthy and relationship exists between workers and their superiors. The welfare measures provided by the company are not adequate. ? Majority of the respondents at WIP were male. ? Majority of the workers have education up to school level. ? Main experience of the workers at WIP is 17 years. Most of the workers fall in the age group of 31-40 mean age is 36 years. ? The test of hypothesis reveals that there is no significant relationship between experience and wages . Those with more experience are not paid higher. RECOMMENDATIONS ? It is advisable that the company should pay sufficient attention in providing monetary benefits to the employees ? The Management should take some initiative to enhance the welfare measures ? The employers should duly recognize and appreciate the efforts taken by the employees. It will give motivation to the employees ? It was found that the more experienced workers are not paid higher and thus resulting in employee dissatisfaction.It is advisable that the company should take some initiative to implement new wage system in which experience gets more importance. ? Timely promotions would greatly help the workers as they feel recognized. ? Valuable suggestions made by the workers should given due consideration. SUMMARY The findings generated by the analysis of data resulted in the following conclusions. This study finds that personal factors like experience, time spend with the family affect the level of job satisfact ion. Further analyses of data revealed that organisational factors like wages, reward, job security; role of job in increasing the standard of living affects the level of satisfaction.This study shows significant relationship between wages and standard of living Additionally this study reveals that managerial factors like ability, suggestions for improvement, relationship with superiors and co-workers contributes to the level of satisfaction. This study also indicates that working condition, role of trade union, welfare measures affects the level of satisfaction. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Referred 1. VSP RAO, HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, EXCELL BOOKS, NEW DELHI, 2000. 2. MAMORIA C. B. ; GANKAR S. V. ‘PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT TEXT AND CASES. HIMALAYA PUBLISHING HOUSE, MUMBAI 2004. 3. BISWAJET PATTNAYAK, HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT EXCELL BOOKS, NEW DELHI, 2000 4. KOTHARI C. R. RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES, WISHWA PRAKASHAN PUBLICATION, NEW DELHI, 1999. Websites www. questionpro. com www. wipltd. co m. INTERVIEW SCHEDULE A Study on Job Satisfaction of Employees Conducted at Western India Plywoods, Valapattanam 1. My job is secure Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 2. I get comparatively better salary Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 3. I usually get appreciation from superior officers Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 4. They encourage me to offer suggestions for improvement of my establishment Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 5.My job improved my standard of living Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 6. I had a better job prospect as per my qualification. Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 7. I like to change my present job Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 8. I am satisfied with the relationship with my superiors and co-workers. Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 9. My skills are completely utilized Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 10. I am satisfied with the trade union activities. Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 1. Company provides number of welfare measures. Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 12. I have a convenient working condition. Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 13. Your opinion about present promotion policy Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 14. I get enough time to look after my family Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 15. Name: 16. Sex: 17. Age:21-30(31-40(41-50(Above 50( 18. Educational qualification SSLC(HSC(Graduation(PG( 19. Experience 0-10(10-20(20-30(30-40( 20. Marital Status Married(Single( ———————– C B A 21 – 30